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REVIEW ARTICLE

Integrating human microbiome profiling into precision medicine for disease prevention

Shahar Bano1 ,  Javeria Pervaiz2 ,  Muaaz Bin Waqar3 ,  Mah-e-Noor Abbas4 ,  Shamas Ul Qamar5 ,  Zarish Fatima4 ,  Zunaira Tariq6 ,  Ambreen Zahra7*
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1 Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab , Pakistan
2 Institute for Specific Prophylaxis & Tropical Medicine (ISPTM), Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology (CePII), Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna , Austria
3 Department of Public Health, University of the West of Scotland, London Campus , United Kingdom
4 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Sialkot, Punjab , Pakistan
5 Department of Public Health, Angela Ruckson University, London , United Kingdom
6 National Center of Genome Editing/D-8 Research Center, Center for Advanced Studies, Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab , Pakistan
7 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sialkot, Punjab , Pakistan
MI, 026240065 https://doi.org/10.36922/MI026240065
Received: 8 June 2026 | Revised: 30 August 2026 | Accepted: 1 September 2026 | Published online: 9 September 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

The human microbiome is a diverse and dynamic microbial community composed of trillions of microorganisms that inhabiting various body sites, such as the gut, skin, oral cavity, respiratory tract, and urogenital system. These microbial communities sustain the host’s physiological functions and health through interactions with immune, metabolic, and neurobiological processes. The microbiome has been extensively studied due to recent advancements in high-throughput genome sequencing and multi-omics technologies, which also demonstrated associations between microbial dysbiosis and a variety of metabolic, neurological, immune-mediated, cardiovascular, and infectious disorders. Simultaneously, precision medicine incorporates routine, environmental, and genetic variables to provide personalized solutions to disease prevention and treatment. The integration of microbiome research and precision medicine provide potential opportunities in early detection of diseases, risk stratification, and personalized therapeutic interventions. This narrative review identifies relevant literature from PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus using terms like “human microbiome,” “precision medicine,” “microbiome profiling,” “artificial intelligence,” and “disease biomarkers,” with emphasis on current English-language publications. The review study the diversity, structure, and functional roles of the human microbiome, and the current profiling technologies and their potential clinical uses. It also examines microbiome-directed approaches, including personalized nutrition, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. Moreover, the document addresses ethical considerations, clinical challenges, artificial intelligence, and multi-omics integration. While microbiome profiling has significant potential in precision and preventive medicine, most applications are still investigational and need more validation before being implemented in clinical practice.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Human microbiome
Precision medicine
Microbiome profiling
Dysbiosis
Gut-brain axis
Metagenomics
Preventive healthcare
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
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