AccScience Publishing / ESAM / Volume 2 / Issue 3 / DOI: 10.36922/ESAM026320016
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Charlotte A. E. Hauser
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REVIEW ARTICLE

3D bioprinting technologies: Current applications and emerging trends

Salwa Alshehri1 ,  Abdulelah Alrashoudi2 ,  Rayan Mulla3 ,  Sherin Abdelrahman4 ,  Farida Elshengab2 ,  Abdul-Hamid Emwas5 ,  Christian Baumgartner6 ,  Mariusz Jaremko2,7 ,  Charlotte A. E. Hauser2,4,6*
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1 Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Makkah , Saudi Arabia
2 Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah , Saudi Arabia
3 Biomedical Sciences Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah , Saudi Arabia
4 Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany
5 Imaging and Characterization Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah , Saudi Arabia
6 Institute of Health Care Engineering with European Testing Center of Medical Devices, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Styria , Austria
7 The Golden Ratio Institute, Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
ESAM 2026, 2(3), 026320016 https://doi.org/10.36922/ESAM026320016
Received: 6 August 2026 | Revised: 26 August 2026 | Accepted: 28 August 2026 | Published online: 10 September 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Three-dimensional bioprinting has rapidly advanced as a key technology in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. While many reviews provide broad overviews of bioprinting techniques and materials, this work offers a focused analysis of the interface between bioprinting technologies and bioink chemistry. It examines how deposition mechanisms—inkjet, laser-assisted, vat-polymerization, and extrusion-based systems—impose constraints on bioink viscosity, cross-linking strategies, and mechanical properties, ultimately influencing printing resolution, construct scale, and cell viability. This review is organized around three fundamental trade-offs: resolution versus construct size, printability versus biological functionality, and scalability versus cell viability. Natural, synthetic, and hybrid bioinks are evaluated not only by composition but also by their physicochemical properties and their role in directing cell fate in neural, vascular, and musculoskeletal applications. Key translational challenges are highlighted, including immunogenicity, foreign body responses, batch-to-batch variability, and the lack of reproducible, Good Manufacturing Practice–compliant manufacturing workflows. Finally, the review identifies priorities for advancing the field, including stimuli-responsive bioinks, real-time monitoring integration, artificial intelligence–assisted design, and multi-material bioprinting. These directions are essential for bridging the gap between laboratory-scale innovation and clinically viable tissue constructs.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Bioinks
Tissue engineering
Regenerative medicine
Extrusion bioprinting
Biomedical materials
Funding
This work was supported by baseline funds from the Institute of Health Care Engineering at Graz University of Technology.
Conflict of interest
Prof. Dr. Charlotte A. E. Hauser is an Editorial Board Member of this journal, but was not in any way involved in the editorial and peer-review process conducted for this paper, directly or indirectly. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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