Epilepsy affects approximately 50 million people worldwide, yet a significant proportion remain refractory to available therapies. This Special Issue, "Epilepsy Advances and Neuromodulation," brings together cutting-edge research spanning precision diagnostics, biomarker discovery, and emerging neuromodulatory interventions — including responsive neurostimulation, deep brain stimulation, and transcranial approaches. A particular emphasis is placed on pediatric populations, where early identification and targeted treatment hold the greatest potential to alter developmental trajectories. By integrating genomic, electrophysiologic, and computational perspectives, this issue aims to accelerate translation from bench to bedside and foster new collaborations across neurology, neuroscience, and biomedical engineering.