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REVIEW ARTICLE

Staphylococcus aureus capsule: Production, function, and regulation

Yifan Rao1 ,  Zuwen Guo2 ,  Huagang Peng2 ,  Xiancai Rao2* ,  Guixue Wang1,3*
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1 Key Laboratory of Biorheological and Technology of the Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Modern Life Science Experiment Teaching Center at Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
2 Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
3 Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, China
MI, 8392 https://doi.org/10.36922/mi.8392
Received: 3 January 2025 | Revised: 9 April 2025 | Accepted: 15 April 2025 | Published online: 2 May 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is a major opportunistic pathogen that causes a wide spectrum of human and animal diseases. Capsule is one of the key virulence factors of S. aureus. Approximately 90% of S. aureus isolates produce capsular polysaccharides (CPs) that envelop the entire bacterial cells. CPs can suppress the phagocytosis of S. aureus by innate immune cells, promote intracellular survival, and reduce the killing efficacy of antimicrobial agents. As a result, CPs are versatile candidates for vaccine development. The synthesis of S. aureus CPs is controlled by the cap operon, which contains 16 genes encoding functional enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and transport of CPs. During S. aureus growth, cap operon expression is strictly regulated. The control region of the cap operon is characterized by two promoters: a housekeeping sigma factor A (SigA)-dependent promoter and a stress-responsive sigma factor B-dependent promoter. Many transcription factors, including both positive and negative regulatory molecules, are timely involved in the regulatory network of S. aureus capsule synthesis. Moreover, environmental conditions such as medium composition and carbon dioxide levels further modulate CP production. In this review, the structure and function of S. aureus CPs are introduced, and the biosynthesis of S. aureus CPs is discussed. Moreover, the regulation of S. aureus CP production is summarized, the factors affecting CP production are outlined, and the preparation of S. aureus CPs is reviewed. The advanced information presented here may provide useful references for further research on the production and function of S. aureus CPs.

Keywords
Staphylococcus aureus
Capsular polysaccharides
Immune evasion
Cap operon
Virulence factors
Capsule purification
Funding
The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 82272341 for Xiancai Rao; Grant no. 82472301 for Yifan Rao) and Category II Academic Excellence Program of Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University (Grant no. 2023XKRC019 for Yifan Rao). The funders had no role in study design, data collection, interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.
Conflict of interest
Xiancai Rao is an Editorial Board Member of this journal but was not in any way involved in the editorial and peer-review process conducted for this paper, directly or indirectly. Separately, other authors declared that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.
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Microbes & Immunity, Electronic ISSN: 3029-2883 Print ISSN: 3041-0886, Published by AccScience Publishing
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