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REVIEW ARTICLE

Graphene quantum dots: A novel approach for early detection and diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease

Gideon Sorlelodum Alex1* ,  Martina C. Anene-Ogbe1 ,  Glory Farounbi2 ,  Tolulope Judah Gbayisomore3 ,  Adejoke Elizabeth Memudu4
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1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
2 Department of Medicine and Surgery, College of Medicine, Lagos State University, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria
3 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria
4 Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Edo State University, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria
Advanced Neurology, 7087 https://doi.org/10.36922/an.7087
Received: 5 December 2024 | Revised: 18 March 2025 | Accepted: 7 April 2025 | Published online: 28 April 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of age-related dementia and death, resulting from the aggregation of tau protein into insoluble neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of paired helical filaments and straight filaments. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs), a unique form of nanoparticles, have emerged as a crucial tool for the detection and diagnosis of AD. They are considered attractive due to their fluorescence-emitting capabilities, nanoscale size, chemical stability, solubility, and ease of synthesis. In this review, we investigated the potential of GQDs as a therapeutic tool in AD intervention, highlighting their recent developments, challenges, and future directions. A comprehensive and systematic search was conducted across electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Medline) for recent and up-to-date articles related to the keywords: “Alzheimer’s disease,” “graphene quantum dots,” “nanoparticles,” and “neuroscience.” Our findings indicate that QDs possess the ability to cross the blood–brain barrier, reduce disease symptoms, and facilitate drug delivery, cell labeling, and neuronal regeneration. In addition, early identification, prevention, and disassembly of tau protein aggregation in AD can be achieved using GQDs. In conclusion, the application of GQDs to improve the progression of AD neuropathology by disintegrating NFTs of tau protein presents a promising approach for diagnostic research in AD. The limitations of GQDs, particularly their long-term exposure to the brain, need to be thoroughly investigated. This includes minimizing the side effects through a multidisciplinary translational neuroscience approach for therapeutic applications in clinical trials.

Keywords
Alzheimer’s disease
Graphene quantum dots
Nanoparticles
Neurotoxicity
Tau proteins
Ultrasensitive detection
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
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