AccScience Publishing / AN / Volume 2 / Issue 1 / DOI: 10.36922/an.247
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Outcomes of surgical management and implant consideration for depressed skull fractures: A systematic review

Andrew Nguyen1 Akshay Reddy1 Ramy Sharaf1 Lauren Ladehoff2 Michael Joseph Diaz1 Brandon Lucke-Wold3*
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1 College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
2 College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
3 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
Advanced Neurology 2023, 2(1), 247 https://doi.org/10.36922/an.247
Submitted: 2 November 2022 | Accepted: 16 January 2023 | Published: 3 February 2023
© 2023 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
Abstract

Background: Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are associated with high mortality and morbidity. Depressed skull fractures (DSFs) are a subset of fractures characterized by either direct or indirect brain damage, compressing brain tissue. Recent advances in implant use during primary reconstruction surgeries have shown to be effective. In this systematic review, we assess differences in titanium mesh, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) implants, autologous pericranial grafts, and methyl methacrylate (PMMA) implants for DSF treatment.

Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from their inception to September 2022 to retrieve articles regarding the use of various implant materials for depressed skull fractures. Inclusion criteria included studies specifically describing implant type/material within treatment of depressed skull fractures, particularly during duraplasty. Exclusion criteria were studies reporting only non-primary data, those insufficiently disaggregated to extract implant type, those describing treatment of pathologies other than depressed skull fractures, and non-English or cadaveric studies. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was utilized to assess for presence of bias in included studies.

Results: Following final study selection, 18 articles were included for quantitative and qualitative analysis. Of the 177 patients (152 males), mean age was 30.8 years with 82% implanted with autologous graft material, and 18% with non-autologous material. Data were pooled and analyzed with respect to the total patient set, and additionally stratified into those treated through autologous and non-autologous implant material. There were no differences between the two cohorts regarding mean time to encounter, pre-operative Glasgow coma scale (GCS), fracture location, length to cranioplasty, and complication rate. There were statistically significant differences in post-operative GCS (p < 0.0001), LOS (p = 0.0274), and minimum follow-up time (p = 0.000796).

Conclusion: Differences in measurable post-operative outcomes between implant groups were largely minimal or none. Future research should aim to probe these basic results deeper with a larger, non-biased sample.

Keywords
Autologous graft
Non-autologous graft
Implant material
Cranioplasty
Depressed skull fracture
Duraplasty
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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Advanced Neurology, Electronic ISSN: 2810-9619 Print ISSN: 3060-8589, Published by AccScience Publishing