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REVIEW ARTICLE

Natural compounds as antivirals against influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and other respiratory viruses: A therapeutic perspective

Shihuan Ding1,2 ,  Jiyan Cui1,3 ,  Xin Zhao1,3 ,  Yiru Hou1,3 ,  Xiaowei Tian3* ,  Xianfeng Hui1,2*
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1 Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
2 Unit of Metabolic Immunology Team, Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Henan Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
3 Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
MI, 025350092 https://doi.org/10.36922/MI025350092
Received: 29 August 2025 | Revised: 14 November 2025 | Accepted: 27 November 2025 | Published online: 7 January 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Respiratory viruses—including influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and respiratory syncytial virus—remain major global health challenges, contributing to substantial morbidity, mortality, and socioeconomic burden. Although vaccines and antiviral agents, such as oseltamivir, ribavirin, and Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir), have advanced disease management, their effectiveness is often compromised by the rapid mutation of viruses, the emergence of drug-resistant strains, and adverse toxicities. These limitations underscore the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. Natural products have attracted growing attention as promising antiviral candidates due to their remarkable structural diversity, multi-target mechanisms, and generally favorable safety profiles. They can inhibit viral entry, replication, and assembly while simultaneously modulating host immune and inflammatory responses. In addition, natural compounds may act synergistically with existing antivirals, enhancing efficacy and reducing the risk of resistance. Despite ongoing challenges in pharmacokinetics, standardization, and clinical validation, natural products represent a compelling frontier for the development of broad-spectrum, safe, and effective antiviral therapeutics.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Natural products
Respiratory viruses
Influenza
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Antiviral therapy
Funding
This review was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32300120), the Key Scientific Research Project of Higher Education of Henan Province (25A310013), and Xinxiang Medical University.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Microbes & Immunity, Electronic ISSN: 3029-2883 Print ISSN: 3041-0886, Published by AccScience Publishing
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