Design Method of Zen-style Bracket Sets Recorded in the Japanese Carpentry Manual Kamakura Zoei Myomoku (Part 2): A Comparative Study with the Chinese Manual Gongcheng Zuofa Zeli – A Secondary Publication
This paper looks into Zen-style bracket composition and design methods recorded in Kamakura Zoei Myomoku, an architectural manual kept by the Kawachi family, the hereditary carpenter family for the Kenchoji Temple in Kamakura, Japan from the 13th to 19th century. It then makes a comparison with Gongcheng Zuofa Zeli (Engineering Manual for the Board of Works), a Chinese architectural engineering manual in the Qing dynasty (1644‒1911). The study results indicate that the cross-sectional dimension of bracket is used as the base measurement unit in both China and Japan, while the use of equidistant baseline and rafter dimension as base unit are considered to be Japanized improvement.
Sakamoto T, Bao M. Ri ben mu zuo ji shu shu lian cang zao ying ming mu zhong de chan zong yang dou gong gou cheng yu she ji fang fa (qi yi): yu ying zao fa shi de bi jiao yan jiu [Design Method of Zen-style Bracket Sets Recorded in the Japanese Carpentry Manual Kamakura Zoei Myomoku (Part 1): A Comparative Study with the Chinese Yingzao Fashi] [J]. Journal of Architecture History, 2020, 1(1): 101-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.12329/20969368.2020.01011
Sakamoto T. Daiku gijutsu sho Kamakura zoei meimoku ni miru Chugoku kenchiku no eikyo: Kumimono no kosei to sekkei hoho ni tsuite. Sekai kenchiku shi ronshu nakagawa takeshi sensei tainin kinenronbunshu [Influence of Chinese Architecture on Carpentry Manual “Kamakura Zoei Myomoku”: Composition and Design Methods of Bracket Set. In Collected Works of Nakagawa Takeshi in Memory of His Retirement, Journal of World Architecture History]. 2015, Chuokoron Art Publishing, Tokyo.
Liang S. Qingshi yingzao zeli [Yingzao zeli from Qing Dynasty]. 2006, Tsinghua University Press, Beijing.
Cai J, Fumoto K, Hirano T, et al. Chugoku koten kenchikusho “kotei-sahou-soku-rei”no kosei [Composition of Chinese Classical Architectural Book “Gongcheng Zuofa Zeli”] [J]. Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ), 1999, 64(520): 313-320. https://doi.org/10.3130/aija.64.313_3
Fumoto K, Chen X, Chugoku koten kenchikusho “kotei-sahou-soku-rei” no toka no shurui to kisai houhou [The Types and Description Method of Bracket Complex Called “Douke” in Chinese Classical Architectural Book “Gongcheng Zuofa Zeli”]. Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ), 2007, 72(617): 171-178. https://doi.org/10.3130/aija.72.171
Chen X, Fumoto K. Chugoku koten kenchikusho “kotei-sahou-soku-rei” ni okeru Gyoko-to-ka no sekkei gihou [Design technique of bracket complex called “Qiao Ang Dou Ke” in Chinese Classical Architectural Book “Gongcheng Zuofa Zeli”] [J]. Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ), 2008, 73(630): 1797-1804. https://doi.org/10.3130/aija.73.1797
Sekiguchi K, Chusei zenshu-you kenchiku no kenkyu: Sekiguchi kinya chosakushu dai 1 kan [Study on Zen-style Architecture in Medieval Period. In Collected works of Sekiguchi Kinya: Volume 1]. 2010, Chuokoron Art Publishing, Tokyo, 340.
Mitsui W. Kazuyo, karayou tenjiku you no gogi ni tsuite [Research on Transition of Meaning of Historical Term “Wayo”, “Karayou,” and “Tenjikuyou” from the 15th Century to the 19th century] [J]. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians of Japan, 2006, 2006(46): 2-20. https://doi.org/10.24574/jsahj.46.0_2
Kawata K, Fukumo K, Watanabe K, et al. Kinsei kenchikusho ni okeru karayou kenchiku no sekkei taikei [Kara-style Architecture Design System in Early Modern Period Architectural Books] [J]. Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ), 1988, 53(388): 132-142.
Sekiguchi K, Chusei zenshu-you butsudo no ogi-daruki [The Fan Raftering of Zen Style] [J]. Transactions of the Architectural Institute of Japan, 1968, 33(149):73-84. https://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.149.0_73
Ota H, Zenshu kenchiku wa i tsu denrai shi ta ka [When was Zen-style Architecture Introduced to Japan] [J]. Journal of Architectural Institute of Japan, 1951, 1951(42): 128-139.
Ota H, Chusei no kenchiku [Medieval Period Architecture]. 1957, Shokokusha, Tokyo.
Tanaka T. Chusei shin yoshiki ni okeru kozou no kaikaku ni kansuru shiteki kosatsu. Ota hirotaro hakase kanreki kinen ronbunshu [Historical Study on Compositional Innovation of New Architecture Styles in Medieval Period. In Collected Works in Memory of 60th Anniversary of Ota Hirotaro]. 1976, Chuokoron Art Publishing, Tokyo, 281-338.
Sekiguchi K. Chugoku ryosetsu no sou-gen kokenchiku 1: Ryousetsu soudai kotou to mokuzo yoshiki saibu [Ancient Buildings of Sung and Yuan Periods Seen in Southern Kiangsu and Chekiang Provinces (i): Ancient Pagoda and Detail of Wooden Structure in the Sung Period] [J]. Ars Buddhica, 1984, 1984(7): 38-62.
Sekiguchi K. Chugoku ryosetsu no sou-gen kokenchiku 2: Ryousetsu soudai mokuzo ikou no yoshiki to chusei zenshuyou [Ancient Buildings of Sung and Yuan Periods Seen in Southern Kiangsu and Chekiang Provinces (ii): Style of Wooden Structures of Sung and Yuan Dynasties and Zen-style Architectures around the Kamakura Period] [J]. Ars Buddhica, 1984, 1984(11): 79-113.
Sakamoto T, A study on the carpenter’s technique manual “Kamakura Zoei Myomoku”: focusing on the Kiwari formula analysis of Zen style buildings [D]. 2011, Waseda University.
Sekiguchi K, Kaidai chusei no kamakura daiku to zoei myomoku [Explanation on Kamakura Zoei Myomoku, an Architectural Manual from Medieval Period. In Cultural Heritage Catalog of Kamakura City]. 1987, Educational Committee of Kamakura City, 758-772.
Sekiguchi K. Chusei zenshuyou butsudo no tokyo (1) tokyo soshiki [Bracket of Zen-style Temple in Medieval Period (1) Bracket Structure] [J]. Transactions of the Architectural Institute of Japan, 1966, 1966(128): 46-57. https://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.128.0_46
Sakamoto T. Kasane hijiki to kaketo ni tsuite: kamakura zoei myomoku ni okeru tokyou kiwari no tokushitsu sono 2 [On the Kasane-Hijiki Bracket Arm and the Kaketo Bearing Block: Characteristic of the Modular Proportioning of a Bracket Complex in “Kamakura Zoei Myomoku” Part 2] [J]. Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ), 2008, 73(624): 435-440. https://doi.org/10.3130/aija.73.435
Sakamoto T. Tokyo kakubu sunpo no kiwari bunseki: “Kamakura zoei myomoku” ni okeru tokyo kiwari no tokushitsu sono 1 [Modular Proportioning Analysis of Respective Dimensions in Bracket Complex: Characteristic of the Modular Proportioning of bracket complex in “Kamakura Zoei Myomoku” Part 1] [J]. Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ). 2006, 71(608): 143-148. https://doi.org/10.3130/aija.71.143_3
Sakamoto T. Zenshu you tokyo no sekkei houhou ni tsuite: kamakura zoei myomoku ni okeru tokyo kiwari no tokushitsu sono 3 [On the Design Method of the Zen Style Bracket Complex: Characteristic of the Modular Proportioning of the Bracket Complex in “Kamakura Zoei Myomoku”: Part 3] [J]. Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ). 2009, 74(635): 241-247. https://doi.org/10.3130/aija.74.241
Omori K. Shiwari no hattatsu, tokuni rokushigake tokyo no hassei ni tsuite [Development of Shiwari, in Particular Emergence of “Dividing Ayita into Six Rafters” Technique] [J] Architecture History Studies (No 21): Shokokusha, 1955: 6-11.
Mizoguchi A. Chusei zenki wayo gomado ni okeru isshi sunpo no kettei hou ni tsuite [On the Determinable Method of the Measurement of a Span Between Rafters in Buddhist Main Halls in the First Half of the Medieval Period] [J]. Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ), 1987, 52(373): 62-72. https://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.373.0_62
Fujii K. Nihon no kenchiku gijutsu to ishou: chugoku kankoku to no hikaku kara. Ni-chu-kan touryou no waza to kokoro [Japanese Architectural Techniques and Design: A Comparison with China and Korea. In Master Carpenters in Japan, China and Korea]. 2014, Takenaka Carpentry Tools Museum, Kobe, 11.
Takeshima T. Eizo hoshiki no kenkyu (1-3 kan) [Research on Yingzao Fashi (Volume 1-3)]. 1970, Chuokoron Art Publishing, Tokyo.
Cai J, Fumoto K, Hirano T, et al. Gongcheng zuofa zeli ni okeru “to-guchi-gata” kiwari no sekkei gihō [Design Technique of Kiwari of “Doukou Type” in “Gongcheng Zuofa Zeli”] [J]. Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ), 2000, 65(527): 255-262. https://doi.org/10.3130/aija.65.255_1
Miyazawa T, Eizo hoshiki no ki wari to zai ni tsuite [The Study of Proportion on Construction Method (Eizo-hoshiki) in China] [J]. Transactions of the Architectural Institute of Japan, 1961, 69(2): 737-740. https://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.69.2.0_737
Takenaka Carpentry Tools Museum. Ni-chu-kan touryou no waza to kokoro [Master Carpenters in Japan, China and Korea]. 2014, Takenaka Carpentry Tools Museum, Kobe.
Liang S. Yingzao fashi zhushi [Notes for Yingzao Fashi]. 1983, China Building Industry Press, Beijing.
Ma B. Zhongguo gujianzhu muzuo yingzao jishu [Architectural Carpentry Techniques in Ancient China].1991, Science Press, Beijing.
Oda H. Riben jianzhushi xushuo [Architectural History of Japan]. 2016, Tongji University Press, Shanghai.