Indigenous culture and hybrid identity in the Igorot transnational diaspora: A critical perspective
Limited studies on identity negotiation through the lens of cultural sustainability in transnational contexts highlight the absence of a context-sensitive theoretical model on hybrid identity. We critically examine the processes of preserving indigenous knowledge, systems, and practices among Igorot-Americans in the North American transnational diaspora, and how such processes influence the construction of hybrid identities. In investigating these complex, mutual practices that span both the home and culturally bound communal circles, we also theorize identity reconstruction and offer new insights that contribute to knowledge in the social sciences. We adopt a combination of positivist, critical, and interpretive epistemological orientations to our findings obtained through a survey questionnaire, virtual interviews, and focus group discussions. Our findings present novel discourse on identity reconstruction and deviate from traditional paradigms within diasporic contexts. Thus, we contribute to expanding scholarly dialogue on theorizing Indigenous practices in Western contexts, while also offering a perspective on cultural identity in relation to cultural hegemony.
Appiah, K.E. (2007). In my father’s house. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ashcroft, B., Griffiths, G., & Tiffin, G. (2002). The Empire Writes Back. New York: Routledge.
Bacdayan, A. (2011). Igorot bridge to success in North America. In: Dyte, J., Belen, Y., & Hildebrand, C. (eds.). Igorot by Heart: Keynotes and Selections of a Generation. Manila: Igorot Global Organization, p.25-50.
Benito, M. (2012). Leadership and Governance within the Igorot Diaspora. Auckland: University of Auckland Press.
Berry, J.W. (1980) Acculturation as varieties of adaptation. In: Padilla, A., (ed). Acculturation: Theory, Models and Findings. Westview, Boulder, CO: American Association for the Advancement of Science, p.9-25.
Berry, J.W. (2005) Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29(6):697-712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.07.013
Berry, J.W. (2006) Mutual attitudes among immigrants and ethnocultural groups in Canada. International Journal of Intercultural Research, 30:719-734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2006.06.004
Bourdieu, P. (1973) Outline of a Theory of Practice. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Brinkmann, H.U., & Uslucan, H. (2013) Integration in Deutschland. New York: Springer Publishing.
Chiang, C.Y. (2010). Diasporic theorizing paradigm on cultural identity. Intercult Communication Studies, 19(1):29-46.
Clevenger, M.R. (2000). The Igorots in St. Louis Fair 1904. Our Own Voice Essays. Available from: https://www.oovrag.com/essays/essay2004a-1.shtml [Last accessed on 2022 Apr 15].
Collier, J., & Thomas, M. (1988). Identity and Identity: The Theory of Cultural Identity Theory. Available from: https://www.ipl.org/essay/identity-and-identity-the-theory-of-cultural-f3dgcg7eajfr [Last accessed on 2021 Dec 19].
Creswell, J. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design. London: Sage.
Du Bois, W.E.B. (1903). The Souls of Black Folk. New York: Bantam Classic.
Glaser, S. (1998). The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Chicago: Aldine.
Georgiou, M. (2010). Identity, space and the media: thinking through diaspora. Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales, 26, 17-35.
Giddens, A. (1990). The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity.
Hein, K. (2006). Hybrid Identities. Craft Biographies in the Tension between Latin America and Europe. Germany: GESIS https://doi.org/10.14361/9783839404478
Humphreys, P. (1989). The Chances of Explanation. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
International Organization for Migration. (2019). Key Migration Terms. Available from: https://www.iom.int/key-migration-terms [Last accessed on 2022 Jun 11].
Landzelius, K. (2006). Native on the Net: Indigenous and Diasporic Peoples in the Virtual Age. New York: Routledge.
Longboan, L. (2009). Igorots in the blogosphere: Claiming spaces, re-constructing identities. Journal of the MeCCSA Postgraduate Network, 1(2):1-16. https://doi.org/10.31165/nk.2009.21.32
Longboan, L. (2011). E-gorots: Exploring indigenous identity in translocal spaces. Southeast Asia Research, 19(2):319-341. https://doi.org/10.5367/sear.2011.0042
Lopez, M. (2019). The Morphology of Labelling: Its Impact to Identity Formation. Available from: https://www.academia. edu/36141433/Essay_2_EDG?auto=download [Last accessed on 2023 Jan 12].
McKay, D. (2006). Rethinking indigenous place: Igorot identity and locality in the Philippines. The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 17(3):291-306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-9310.2006.tb00065.x
McKay, D. (2016). Archipelago of Care: Filipino Migrants and Global Networks. Indiana: Indiana University Press.
OECD and European Union. (2018). Settling in 2018: Indicators of Immigrant Integration. Paris: OECD.
RA 8371. (1997). Available from: https://extwprlegs1.fao.org/ docs/pdf/phi13930.pdf [Last accessed on 2022 Apr 15].
Ryder, A.G., Alden, L.E., & Paulhus, D. (2000) Is acculturation unidimensional or bidimensional? A head-to-head comparison in the prediction of personality, self-identity, and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(1):49-65. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.1.49
Ryder, A.G., Alden, L.E., & Paulhus, D. (1999) Cultural identities in transition: A Comparison of Two Acculturation Models. In: Poster presented at the 107th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Boston, MA.
Said, E. (1978). Orientalism. Harmondsworht, Middlesex: Penguin Books.
Schwartz, S.J., Unger, J.B., Zamboanga, B.L., & Szapocznik, J. (2010) Rethinking the concept of acculturation: Implications for theory and research. AmPsychol, 65(4):237-251. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019330
Sensoy, O., & DiAngelo, R. (2012). Is Everyone Really Equal? An Introduction to Key Concepts in Social Justice Education. New York: Teachers College Press.
Sluss, D.M., & Ashforth, B.E. (2007) Relational identity and identification: Defining ourselves through work relationships. Academy of Management Review, 32:9-32. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.23463672
Spivak, G.C. (1985) The Rani of Sirmur: An essay in reading the archives. History and Theory, 24(3):247-272.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Tindaan, R.M. (2019). The Performance of Indigeneity in the Igorot Diaspora in the United Kingdom. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Goldsmiths, University of London.
UNDP. (2013). Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines. UNDP Fast Facts. Philippines. Available from: https://www.undp.org/philippines/publications/fast-facts-indigenous-peoples philippines [Last accessed on 2022 Apr 15].
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (n.d.) Social Development Issues. United Nations. Available from: https:// social.desa.un.org/issues/indigenous-peoples/unpfii
Wagner, C. (2009). Migration and the Creation of Hybrid Identity: Chances and Challenges. Available from: https://rais.education/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/16.pdf [Last accessed on 2022 May 20].
Watson, M. (2010). Diasporic indigeneity: Place and the articulation of Ainu identity in Tokyo, Japan. Environment and Planning A, 42(2):268-284. https://doi.org/10.1068/a41112
Weygan, P. (2009). Igorot Diaspora Giving. Available from: https://philouise.wordpress.com/tag/igorot-diaspora [Last accessed on 2022 May 20].