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REVIEW ARTICLE

Insight into the bactericidal mechanisms of g-C3N4-based metal and metallic-compound junctions: A review

Mingjuan Zhang1 ,  Jingyi Zhao1 ,  Taotao Zeng2 ,  Chi Ma3 ,  Wenjing Xue4 ,  Jisui Tan5 ,  Hongbiao Cui1*, ,  Guodong Fang6*
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1 Anhui Province Engineering Research Center of Water and Soil Resources Comprehensive Utilization and Ecological Protection in High Groundwater Mining Area, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China
2 Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse Technology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
3 Key Laboratory of Food & Environment & Drug Monitoring and Testing of Universities in Hunan Province, Hunan Police Academy, Changsha, Hunan, China
4 College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
5 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nano-Biosensing Technology, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
6 State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
AJWEP, 026090051 https://doi.org/10.36922/AJWEP026090051
Received: 27 February 2026 | Revised: 29 March 2026 | Accepted: 2 April 2026 | Published online: 18 May 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

The use of sunlight to inactivate bacteria through photocatalysis is crucial for a sustainable future. Bactericidal performance is closely related to the charge dynamics of semiconductors. Among various semiconductors, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has emerged as an attractive candidate for photocatalytic sterilization due to its chemical stability and versatility as a platform for constructing composites. However, the visible-light absorption and charge-separation performance of pristine g-C3N4 are insufficient, which limits further improvement in its bactericidal performance. Constructing g-C3N4-based metal or metallic-compound junctions has been shown to improve charge dynamics, including the introduction of plasma with surface plasmon resonance effect to photocatalysis and the construction of g-C3N4-based Schottky junctions. In this review, we first outline the basic principles of photocatalytic sterilization and then discuss the close relationship between bactericidal performance and the energy-band structure of semiconductors. We next summarize the factors limiting the performance of pristine g-C3N4, review common strategies for improving its bactericidal activity, and explain the underlying mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges and potential strategies to improve the practical applicability of g-C3N4-based metal and metallic-compound junctions.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Photocatalytic sterilization
g-C3N4
Surface plasmon resonance effect
Schottky junction
Bactericidal mechanism
Funding
This study was supported by the Scientific Research Foundation for High-level Talents of Anhui University of Science and Technology (2023yjrc121), Anhui Province Engineering Research Center of Water and Soil Resources Comprehensive Utilization and Ecological Protection in High Groundwater Mining Area (2024-WSREPMA-06), the Xizang Autonomous Region Key Research and Development Program (XZ202601ZY0192), the Scientific Foundation for Youth Scholars of Shenzhen University (868-000001032909), the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department (25B0912).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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