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REVIEW ARTICLE

Rapid prototyping of microstrip patch antenna design: A review and bibliometric analysis for future research directions

Saidatul Hamidah Abd Hamid1†* ,  Goh Chin Hock2†
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1 Department of Electronic and Communication Engineering, College of Graduate Studies, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
2 Department of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
MSAM 2025, 4(4), 025260052 https://doi.org/10.36922/MSAM025260052
Received: 26 June 2025 | Accepted: 23 July 2025 | Published online: 2 September 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s).. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) are widely used and researched due to their compact size and ease of fabrication. This review presents a comparative analysis and bibliometric review of rapid prototyping techniques employed in the fabrication of MPAs, with a focus on identifying emerging trends and proposing a hybrid approach for enhanced scalability and efficiency. Furthermore, the study investigated the application of rapid prototyping technologies, specifically 3D printing and xurography, in the fabrication of MPAs. Using VOSviewer software, a bibliometric analysis was conducted on 2545 research articles published between 2000 and 2021, extracted from the Scopus database. The aim was to analyze the evolution and adoption of additive manufacturing and rapid prototyping techniques—specifically in the context of MPAs—and to evaluate research productivity based on keyword co-occurrence and thematic evolution in the field. The analysis revealed that while 3D printing has gained significant attention in antenna fabrication, xurography remains underutilized in MPA development. From the relevant keywords identified, “microstrip antennas” and “microstrip patch antenna” demonstrated strong co-occurrence, whereas “xurography” displayed limited connectivity, suggesting a gap in research. Xurography, often used in microfluidics, presents a promising approach for low-cost, eco-friendly antenna fabrication. The analysis highlights a significant opportunity for further research to explore xurography’s potential in antenna design and fabrication, addressing current limitations in cost-effectiveness and scalability. Bridging this research gap can advance the development of MPAs for both academic and industrial applications, making them more accessible and sustainable.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Bibliometric
Microstrip patch antennas
Rapid prototyping
VOSviewer
Xurography
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
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