Xing F, Li S, Yin D, et al., 2022, Recent progress in Mg-based alloys as a novel bioabsorbable biomaterials for orthopedic applications. J Magnes Alloys, 10: 1428–1456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2022.02.013

Tschon M, Boanini E, Sartori M, et al., 2022, Antiosteoporotic nanohydroxyapatite zoledronate scaffold seeded with bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells for bone regeneration: A 3d in vitro model. Int J Mol Sci, 23: 5988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23115988

Xia B, Chen G, 2022, Research progress of natural tissue-derived hydrogels for tissue repair and reconstruction. Int J Biol Macromol, 214: 480–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.137

Ni J, Ling H, Zhang S, et al., 2019, Three-dimensional printing of metals for biomedical applications. Mater Today Bio, 3: 100024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2019.100024

Li J, Qin L, Yang K, et al., 2020, Materials evolution of bone plates for internal fixation of bone fractures: A review. J Mater Sci Technol, 36: 190–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2019.07.024

Zhang B, Su Y, Zhou J, et al., 2021, Toward a better regeneration through implant-mediated immunomodulation: Harnessing the immune responses. Adv Sci, 8: 2100446. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202100446

Bairagi D, Mandal S 2022, A comprehensive review on biocompatible Mg-based alloys as temporary orthopaedic implants: Current status, challenges, and future prospects. J Magnes Alloys, 10: 627–669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2021.09.005

Venezuela JJ, Johnston S, Dargusch MS, 2019, The prospects for biodegradable zinc in wound closure applications. Adv Healthc Mater, 8: 1900408. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201900408

Kabir H, Munir K, Wen C, et al., 2021, Recent research and progress of biodegradable zinc alloys and composites for biomedical applications: Biomechanical and biocorrosion perspectives. Bioact Mater, 6: 836–879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.09.013

Qin Y, Wen P, Guo H, et al., 2019, Additive manufacturing of biodegradable metals: Current research status and future perspectives. Acta Biomater, 98: 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.046

Venezuela J, Dargusch MS, 2019, The influence of alloying and fabrication techniques on the mechanical properties, biodegradability and biocompatibility of zinc: A comprehensive review. Acta Biomater, 87: 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.035

Shahin M, Wen C, Munir K, et al., 2022, Mechanical and corrosion properties of graphene nanoplatelet-reinforced Mg-Zr and Mg-Zr-Zn matrix nanocomposites for biomedical applications. J Magnes Alloys, 10: 458–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2021.05.011

Bommala VK, Krishna MG, Rao CT, 2019, Magnesium matrix composites for biomedical applications: A review. J Magnes Alloys, 7: 72–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2018.11.001

Wang JL, Xu JK, Hopkins C, et al., 2020, Biodegradable magnesium-based implants in orthopedics-a general review and perspectives. Adv Sci, 7: 1902443. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201902443

Chandra G, Pandey A, 2020, Biodegradable bone implants in orthopedic applications: A review. Biocybern Biomed Eng, 40: 596–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbe.2020.02.003

Wu CL, Xie WJ, Man HC, 2022, Laser additive manufacturing of biodegradable Mg-based alloys for biomedical applications: A review. J Magnes Alloys, 10: 915–937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2021.12.014

Wu S, Liu X, Yeung KW, et al., 2014, Biomimetic porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng R Rep, 80: 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2014.04.001

Yang Y, He C, Dianyu E, et al., 2020, Mg bone implant: Features, developments and perspectives. Mater Design, 185: 108259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108259

Li X, Liu X, Wu S, et al., 2016, Design of magnesium alloys with controllable degradation for biomedical implants: From bulk to surface. Acta Biomater, 45: 2–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.09.005

Yazdimamaghani M, Razavi M, Vashaee D, et al., 2017, Porous magnesium-based scaffolds for tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C, 71: 1253–1266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.11.027

Li C, Guo C, Fitzpatrick V, et al., 2020, Design of biodegradable, implantable devices towards clinical translation. Nat Rev Mater, 5: 61–81. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-019-0150-z

Malladi L, Mahapatro A, Gomes AS, 2018, Fabrication of magnesium-based metallic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Mater Technol, 33: 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/10667857.2017.1404278

Payr E, 1900, Beitrage zur Technik der Blutgesfass und Nervennaht nebst Mittheilungen die Verwendung eines Resorbierharen Metalles in der Chirurgie. Arch Klin Chir, 62: 67–71.

Lambotte A, 1909, Technique et indication des protheses dans le traitement des fractures. Presse Med, 17: 321.

Mcbride ED, 1938, Absorbable metal in bone surgery: A further report on the use of magnesium alloys. J Am Med Assoc, 111: 2464–2467. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1938.02790530018007

Witte F, 2010, The history of biodegradable magnesium implants: A review. Acta Biomater, 6: 1680–1692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2010.02.028

Biber R, Pauser J, Geßlein M, et al., 2016, Magnesium-based absorbable metal screws for intra-articular fracture fixation. Case Rep Orthop, 2016: 9673174. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9673174

Chaya A, Yoshizawa S, Verdelis K, et al., 2015, In vivo study of magnesium plate and screw degradation and bone fracture healing. Acta Biomater, 18: 262–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2015.02.010

Zhao D, Huang S, Lu F, et al., 2016, Vascularized bone grafting fixed by biodegradable magnesium screw for treating osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Biomaterials, 81: 84–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.11.038

Wang Z, Sun Z, Han B, et al., 2020, Biological behavior exploration of a paclitaxel-eluting poly-l-lactide-coated Mg-Zn-Y-Nd alloy intestinal stent in vivo. RSC Adv, 10: 15079–15090. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA10156J

Sing SL, 2022, Perspectives on additive manufacturing enabled beta-titanium alloys for biomedical applications. Int J Bioprint, 8: 478. https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v8i1.478

Chen Z, Han C, Gao M, et al., 2022, A review on qualification and certification for metal additive manufacturing. Virtual Phys Prototyp, 17: 382–405. https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2021.2018938

Ng CC, Savalani M, Man HC, 2011, Fabrication of magnesium using selective laser melting technique. Rapid Prototyp J, 17: 479–490. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552541111184206

Irrinki H, Nath SD, Alhofors M, et al., 2019, Microstructures, properties, and applications of laser sintered 17-4PH stainless steel. J Am Ceram Soc, 102: 5679–5690. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.16372

Hoeges S, Zwiren A, Schade C, 2017, Additive manufacturing using water atomized steel powders. Metal Powder Rep, 72: 111–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mprp.2017.01.004

Moghimian P, Poirié T, Habibnejad-Korayem M, et al., 2021, Metal powders in additive manufacturing: A review on reusability and recyclability of common titanium, nickel and aluminum alloys. Addit Manuf, 43: 102017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102017

Zheng D, Li Z, Jiang Y, et al., 2022, Effect of multiple thermal cycles on the microstructure evolution of GA151K alloy fabricated by laser-directed energy deposition. Addit Manuf, 57: 102957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.102957

Aboulkhair NT, Simonelli M, Parry L, et al., 2019, 3D printing of aluminium alloys: Additive manufacturing of aluminium alloys using selective laser melting. Prog Mater Sci, 106: 100578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2019.100578.

Ji X, Mirkoohi E, Ning J, et al., 2020, Analytical modeling of post-printing grain size in metal additive manufacturing. Opt Lasers Eng, 124: 105805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2019.105805

He C, Bin S, Wu P, et al., 2017, Microstructure evolution and biodegradation behavior of laser rapid solidified Mg-Al-Zn alloy. Metals, 7: 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/met7030105

Shuai C, Yang Y, Wu P, et al., 2017, Laser rapid solidification improves corrosion behavior of Mg-Zn-Zr alloy. J Alloys Compd, 691: 961–969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.09.019

Spierings AB, Dawson K, Dumitraschkewitz P, et al., 2018, Microstructure characterization of SLM-processed Al-Mg- Sc-Zr alloy in the heat treated and HIPed condition. Addit Manuf, 20: 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.12.011

Buhairi MA, Foudzi FM, Jamhari FI, et al., 2022, Review on volumetric energy density: Influence on morphology and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V manufactured via laser powder bed fusion. Prog Addit Manuf, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-022-00328-0

Liang J, Lei Z, Chen Y, et al., 2022, Formability, microstructure, and thermal crack characteristics of selective laser melting of ZK60 magnesium alloy. Mater Sci Eng A, 839: 142858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.142858

Esmaily M, Zeng Z, Mortazavi AN, et al., 2020, A detailed microstructural and corrosion analysis of magnesium alloy WE43 manufactured by selective laser melting. Addit Manuf, 35: 101321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101321

Wei K, Gao M, Wang Z, Zeng X, 2014, Effect of energy input on formability, microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melted AZ91D magnesium alloy. Mater Sci Eng A, 611: 212–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.05.092

Yang Y, Wu P, Lin X, et al., 2016, System development, formability quality and microstructure evolution of selective laser-melted magnesium. Virtual Phys Prototyp, 11: 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2016.1210522

Sezer N, Evis Z, Koç M, 202, Additive manufacturing of biodegradable magnesium implants and scaffolds: Review of the recent advances and research trends. J Magnes Alloys, 9: 392–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2020.09.014

Liu S, Yang W, Shi X, et al., 2019, Influence of laser process parameters on the densification, microstructure, and mechanical properties of a selective laser melted AZ61 magnesium alloy. J Alloys Compd, 808: 151160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.06.261

Liu C, Zhang M, Chen C, 2017, Effect of laser processing parameters on porosity, microstructure and mechanical properties of porous Mg-Ca alloys produced by laser additive manufacturing. Mater Sci Eng A, 703: 359-371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.07.031

Yang Y, Lu C, Peng S, et al., 2020, Laser additive manufacturing of Mg-based composite with improved degradation behaviour. Virtual Phys Prototyp, 15: 278–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2020.1748381

Zhang M, Chen C, Liu C, et al., Study on porous Mg-Zn-Zr ZK61 alloys produced by laser additive manufacturing. Metals, 8: 635. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8080635

Deng Q, Wu Y, Wu Q, et al., 2022, Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of a high-strength Mg-10Gd-3Y- 1Zn-0.4Zr alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion. Addit Manuf, 49: 102517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102517

Wang T, Meng Q, Araby S, et al., 2021, Non-oxidized graphene/metal composites by laser deposition additive manufacturing. J Alloys Compd, 882: 160724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.160724

Cao X, Jahazi M, Immarigeon JP, et al., 2006, A review of laser welding techniques for magnesium alloys. J Mater Process Technol, 171: 188–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.06.068

Manakari V, Parande G, Gupta M, 2017, Selective laser melting of magnesium and magnesium alloy powders: A review. Metals, 7: 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/met7010002

Gangireddy S, Gwalani B, Liu K, et al., 2019, Microstructure and mechanical behavior of an additive manufactured (AM) WE43-Mg alloy. Addit Manuf, 26: 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.12.015

Hosseini E, Popovich VA, 2019, A review of mechanical properties of additively manufactured Inconel 718. Addit Manuf, 30: 100877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.100877

Wang Y, Fu P, Wang N, et al., 2020, Challenges and solutions for the additive manufacturing of biodegradable magnesium implants. Engineering, 6: 1267–1275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2020.02.015

Dou Y, Cai S, Ye X, et al., 2013, 45S5 bioactive glass-ceramic coated AZ31 magnesium alloy with improved corrosion resistance. Surf Coat Technol, 228: 154–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.04.022

Rojaee R, Fathi M, Raeissi K 2013, Electrophoretic deposition of nanostructured hydroxyapatite coating on AZ91 magnesium alloy implants with different surface treatments. Appl Surf Sci, 285: 664–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.08.108

Razavi M, Fathi M, Savabi O, et al., 2014, Controlling the degradation rate of bioactive magnesium implants by electrophoretic deposition of akermanite coating. Ceram Int, 40: 3865–3872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.08.027

Kopp A, Derra T, Müther M, et al., 2019, Influence of design and postprocessing parameters on the degradation behavior and mechanical properties of additively manufactured magnesium scaffolds. Acta Biomater, 98: 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.012

Han J, Chen J, Peng L, et al., 2017, Microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of friction stir processed Mg-14Gd alloys. Mater Design, 130: 90–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.05.046

Huang C, Yan X, Zhao L, et al., 2019, Ductilization of selective laser melted Ti6Al4V alloy by friction stir processing. Mater Sci Eng A, 755: 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.03.133

Macías JG, Elangeswaran C, Zhao L, et al., 2019, Ductilisation and fatigue life enhancement of selective laser melted AlSi10Mg by friction stir processing. Scr Mater, 170: 124–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.05.044

Deng Q, Wu Y, Su N, et al., 2021, Influence of friction stir processing and aging heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melted Mg-Gd-Zr alloy. Addit Manuf, 44: 102036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102036

Alfieri V, Argenio P, Caiazzo F, et al., 2017, Reduction of surface roughness by means of laser processing over additive manufacturing metal parts. Materials. 10: 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10010030

Basha SM, Bhuyan M, Basha MM, et al., 2020, Laser polishing of 3D printed metallic components: A review on surface integrity. Mater Today Proc, 26: 2047–2054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.443

Zhang X, Li XW, Li JG, et al., 2014, Preparation and mechanical property of a novel 3D porous magnesium scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C, 42: 362–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.05.044

Hyer H, Zhou L, Benson G, et al., 2020, Additive manufacturing of dense WE43 Mg alloy by laser powder bed fusion. Addit Manuf, 33: 101123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101123

Fang X, Yang J, Wang S, et al., 2022, Additive manufacturing of high performance AZ31 magnesium alloy with full equiaxed grains: Microstructure, mechanical property, and electromechanical corrosion performance. J Mater Proc Technol, 300: 117430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2021.117430

Wang Y, Huang H, Jia G, et al., 2021, Fatigue and dynamic biodegradation behavior of additively manufactured Mg scaffolds. Acta Biomater, 135: 705–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.040

Chen J, Wu P, Wang Q, et al., 2016, Influence of alloying treatment and rapid solidification on the degradation behavior and mechanical properties of Mg. Metals, 6: 259. https://doi.org/10.3390/met6110259

Liu J, Liu B, Min S, et al., 2022, Biodegradable magnesium alloy WE43 porous scaffolds fabricated by laser powder bed fusion for orthopedic applications: Process optimization, in vitro and in vivo investigation. Bioact Mater, 16: 301–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.02.020

Hyer H, Zhou L, Liu Q, et al., 2021, High strength WE43 microlattice structures additively manufactured by laser powder bed fusion. Materialia, 16: 101067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2021.101067

Zhang WN, Wang LZ, Feng ZX, et al., 2020, Research progress on selective laser melting (SLM) of magnesium alloys: A review. Optik, 207: 163842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.163842

Shuai C, Li S, Peng S, et al., 2019, Biodegradable metallic bone implants. Mater Chem Front, 3: 544–562. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8QM00507A

Liu J, Lin Y, Bian D, et al., 2019, In vitro and in vivo studies of Mg-30Sc alloys with different phase structure for potential usage within bone. Acta Biomater, 98: 50–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2019.03.009

Han HS, Loffredo S, Jun I, et al., 2019, Current status and outlook on the clinical translation of biodegradable metals. Mater Today, 23: 57–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2018.05.018

Cao F, Shi Z, Song GL, et al., 2013, Corrosion behaviour in salt spray and in 3.5% NaCl solution saturated with Mg(OH)2 of as-cast and solution heat-treated binary Mg-X alloys: X=Mn, Sn, Ca, Zn, Al, Zr, Si, Sr. Corros Sci, 76: 60–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2013.06.030

Peng Q, Huang Y, Zhou L, et al., 2010, Preparation and properties of high purity Mg-Y biomaterials. Biomaterials, 31: 398–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.065

Shuai S, Guo E, Zheng Q, et al., 2016, Three-dimensional α-Mg dendritic morphology and branching structure transition in Mg-Zn alloys. Mater Charact, 118: 304–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2016.06.009

Li J, Xie D, Yu H, et al., 2020, Microstructure and mechanical property of multi-pass low-strain rolled Mg-Al-Zn-Mn alloy sheet. J Alloys Compd, 835: 155228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155228

Luo Q, Guo Y, Liu B, et al., 2020, Thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transformation in rare earth-magnesium alloys: A critical review. J Mater Sci Technol, 44: 171–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.01.022

Leleu S, Rives B, Bour J, et al., 2018, On the stability of the oxides film formed on a magnesium alloy containing rare-earth elements. Electrochim Acta, 290: 586–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.08.093

Willbold E, Gu X, Albert D, et al., 2015, Effect of the addition of low rare earth elements (lanthanum, neodymium, cerium) on the biodegradation and biocompatibility of magnesium. Acta Biomater, 11: 554–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2014.09.041

Wang C, Shuai Y, Yang Y, et al., 2022, Amorphous magnesium alloy with high corrosion resistance fabricated by laser powder bed fusion. J Alloys Compd, 897: 163247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.163247

Chen S, Tu J, Hu Q, et al., 2017, Corrosion resistance and in vitro bioactivity of Si-containing coating prepared on a biodegradable Mg-Zn-Ca bulk metallic glass by micro-arc oxidation. J Non Cryst Solids, 456: 125–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2016.11.011

Zhang D, Qin Y, Feng W, et al., 2019, Microstructural evolution of the amorphous layers on Mg-Zn-Ca alloy during laser remelting process. Surf Coat Technol, 363: 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.02.051

Zberg B, Arata ER, Uggowitzer PJ, et al., 2009, Tensile properties of glassy MgZnCa wires and reliability analysis using Weibull statistics. Acta Mater, 57: 3223–3231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2009.03.028

Shuai C, Liu L, Zhao M, et al., 2018, Microstructure, biodegradation, antibacterial and mechanical properties of ZK60-Cu alloys prepared by selective laser melting technique. J Mater Sci Technol, 34: 1944–1952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2018.02.006

Spriano S, Yamaguchi S, Baino F, et al., 2018, A critical review of multifunctional titanium surfaces: New frontiers for improving osseointegration and host response, avoiding bacteria contamination. Acta Biomater, 79: 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.08.013

Ouyang P, Dong H, He X, et al., 2019, Hydromechanical mechanism behind the effect of pore size of porous titanium scaffolds on osteoblast response and bone ingrowth. Mater Design, 183: 108151.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108151

Rojaee R, Fathi M, Raeissi K, 2013, Controlling the degradation rate of AZ91 magnesium alloy via sol-gel derived nanostructured hydroxyapatite coating. Mater Sci Eng C, 33: 3817–3825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2013.05.014

Tian M, Cai S, Ling L, et al., 2022, Superhydrophilic hydroxyapatite/hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan composite coating for enhancing the antibacterial and corrosion resistance of magnesium alloy. Prog Org Coat, 165: 106745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2022.106745

Roshan NR, Hassannejad H, Nouri A, 2021, Corrosion and mechanical behaviour of biodegradable PLA-cellulose nanocomposite coating on AZ31 magnesium alloy. Surf Eng, 37: 236–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2020.1776093

Dutta S, Devi KB, Mandal S, et al., 2019, In vitro corrosion and cytocompatibility studies of hot press sintered magnesium-bioactive glass composite. Materialia, 5: 100245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2019.100245

Kang YG, Wei J, Shin JW, et al., 2018, Enhanced biocompatibility and osteogenic potential of mesoporous magnesium silicate/polycaprolactone/wheat protein composite scaffolds. Int J Nanomed, 13: 1107–1117. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.S157921

Gong X, Zeng D, Groeneveld-Meijer W, et al., 2022, Additive manufacturing: A machine learning model of process-structure-property linkages for machining behavior of Ti-6Al-4V. Mater Sci Addit Manuf, 1: 6. https://doi.org/10.18063/msam.v1i1.6

Sing SL, Kuo CN, Shih CT, et al., 2021, Perspectives of using machine learning in laser powder bed fusion for metal additive manufacturing. Virtual Phys Prototyp, 16: 372– 386. https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2021.1944229