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REVIEW ARTICLE

Harnessing stem cells for regenerative medicine: Current applications and future prospects

Somayeh Shamlou1† ,  Hossein Rostami1† ,  Ali Hassanzadeh1 ,  Simin Rajaeian1 ,  Saeedeh Torabi Goudarzi1 ,  Mansour Arab1 ,  Ali Shojaeian2 ,  Javad Verdi1* ,  Nasim Vousooghi1*
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1 Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2 Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Institute of Cancer, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
JCTR, 026080013 https://doi.org/10.36922/JCTR026080013
Received: 20 February 2026 | Revised: 18 July 2026 | Accepted: 3 August 2026 | Published online: 25 August 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Background: Degenerative diseases place an immense burden on global healthcare. Stem cell-based regenerative medicine offers transformative, potentially curative therapies to restore damaged tissues and recover normal physiological function. Aim: This review aims to comprehensively evaluate the therapeutic applications, biological mechanisms, and clinical prospects of stem cells in treating diverse human organ disorders. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature review of preclinical models and clinical trials focusing on mesenchymal (MSCs), hematopoietic (HSCs), and pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), evaluating their efficacy, safety, and manufacturing challenges. Results: Cell therapies demonstrate remarkable healing potential. MSCs exhibit potent immunomodulatory effects in inflammatory conditions. HSC transplantation remains the gold standard for hematological disorders and is expanding into targeted gene therapies. PSC-derived cells show promising clinical efficacy in spinal cord injuries, macular degeneration, type 1 diabetes, and heart failure. However, significant hurdles remain, including immune rejection, tumorigenicity, and batch-to-batch variability. Conclusion: Cell therapies represent a paradigm shift from lifelong symptom management to definitive cures. Resolving biological, technical, and regulatory hurdles is imperative for the safe, standardized, and widespread clinical translation of these interventions. Relevance for Patients: For patients suffering from chronic, degenerative, or currently incurable conditions, stem cell therapies represent a transformative clinical paradigm. By facilitating functional tissue regeneration and targeted immunomodulation, these therapies reduce the burden of chronic pharmacotherapy and invasive procedures.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Stem cell
Regenerative medicine
Differentiation
Degenerative diseases
Cell-based therapies
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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Journal of Clinical and Translational Research, Electronic ISSN: 2424-810X Print ISSN: 2382-6533, Published by AccScience Publishing
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