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REVIEW ARTICLE

Precision medicine and beyond: Evolving roles of targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and artificial intelligence in oncology

Linwei Li1 ,  Anika Doppalapudi1 ,  Jennifer Escamilla1 ,  Annu Karithara1 ,  Christine Pham1 ,  Angel Phillip1 ,  Anjali Binoy1 ,  Sriya Gullapalli1 ,  Lois Baldado1 ,  Arjun Bellamkonda1 ,  Daniela Gonzalez1 ,  Amin Ibrahim1 ,  Daniela Ramos1 ,  David Sta. Maria1 ,  Kaitlyn Ybanez1 ,  Hugo Zamarron1 ,  Shizue Mito1*
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1 Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas, United States of America
INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences 2025, 8(3), 35–58; https://doi.org/10.36922/ITPS025140018
Received: 1 April 2025 | Revised: 18 June 2025 | Accepted: 30 June 2025 | Published online: 30 July 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Precision medicine in oncology is an evolving therapeutic approach that leverages genetic, clinical, and biomarker data to tailor treatments to individual patients. This review explores the three core pillars of modern precision oncology: targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into clinical practice. Targeted therapies, including monoclonal antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates, selectively inhibit molecular pathways involved in tumor growth. While conventional chemotherapy remains the backbone of treatment and has improved remission rates, its cytotoxic nature limits broader applicability and increases the risk of comorbidities. Immunotherapies, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies, have transformed treatment for hematologic malignancies and are now being adapted for solid tumors such as colorectal, pancreatic, and hepatocellular carcinomas through novel combination regimens. This review also highlights the therapeutic potential of modulating the tumor microenvironment and introduces emerging modalities such as neoantigen vaccines and microRNA-based therapies. Furthermore, we outline the expanding role of AI in enhancing cancer diagnosis, drug development, and clinical decision-making. By integrating computational tools with molecular therapies, precision medicine rapidly advances toward individualized data-driven care. This review provides an overview of established therapies in the current clinical practice, novel regimens, and emerging AI technologies. Despite ongoing challenges, such as resistance and toxicity, precision medicine demonstrates significant promise in improving oncologic outcomes and transforming cancer care.

Keywords
Precision medicine
Targeted therapy
Immunotherapy
Artificial intelligence
Cancer treatment
Oncology
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences, Electronic ISSN: 2705-0823 Print ISSN: 2705-0734, Published by AccScience Publishing
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