AccScience Publishing / IJB / Volume 9 / Issue 5 / DOI: 10.18063/ijb.764
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REVIEW

Smart implants: 4D-printed shape-morphing scaffolds for medical implantation

Guiwen Qu1† Jinjian Huang1† Guosheng Gu1 Zongan Li2* Xiuwen Wu1* Jianan Ren1*
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1 Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
2 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing, NARI School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210042, China
Submitted: 17 February 2023 | Accepted: 18 April 2023 | Published: 30 May 2023
© 2023 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
Abstract

Biomedical implants have recently shown excellent application potential in tissue repair and replacement. Applying three-dimensional (3D) printing to implant scaffold fabrication can help to address individual needs more precisely. Fourdimensional (4D) printing emerges rapidly based on the development of shaperesponsive materials and design methods, which makes the production of dynamic functional implants possible. Smart implants can be pre-designed to respond to endogenous or exogenous stimuli and perform seamless integration with regular/ irregular tissue defects, defect-luminal organs, or curved structures via programmed shape morphing. At the same time, they offer great advantages in minimally invasive surgery due to the small-to-large volume transition. In addition, 4D-printed cellular scaffolds can generate extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimetic structures that interact with the contacting cells, expanding the possible sources of tissue/organ grafts and substitutes. This review summarizes the typical technologies and materials of 4D-printed scaffolds, and the programming designs and applications of these scaffolds are further highlighted. Finally, we propose the prospects and outlook of 4D-printed shape-morphing implants.

Keywords
4D printing
Shape-morphing scaffolds
Medical implants
Tissue engineering
Minimally invasive surgery
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing