AccScience Publishing / IJB / Volume 9 / Issue 2 / DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v9i2.664
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REVIEW

Three-dimensional printing as a cutting-edge, versatile and personalizable vascular stent manufacturing procedure: Toward tailor-made medical devices

Fatima Garcia-Villen1,2,3* Fernando López-Zárraga4 Cesar Viseras5,6 Sandra Ruiz-Alonso1,2,3 Fouad Al-Hakim1,2,3 Irene Diez-Aldama1 Laura Saenz-del-Burgo1,2,3 Denis Scaini7* Jose Luis Pedraz1,2,3
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1 NanoBioCel Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
2 Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
3 Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01009, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
4 Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Álava University Hospital, Integrated Health Organization of Álava (Osakidetza), Spain
5 Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada (UGR), Campus of Cartuja, 18071 s/n, Granada, Spain
6 Andalusian Institute of Earth Sciences, CSIC-University of Granada, Avda. de Las Palmeras 4, 18100, Armilla, Granada, Spain
7 Joint Research Laboratory (JRL). School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/ EHU), 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
Submitted: 9 August 2022 | Accepted: 11 October 2022 | Published: 9 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Tissue Engineering and Bioprinting for Emerging Applications)
© 2023 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
Abstract

Vascular stents (VS) have revolutionized the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, as evidenced by the fact that the implantation of VS in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients has become a routine, easily approachable surgical intervention for the treatment of stenosed blood vessels. Despite the evolution of VS throughout the years, more efficient approaches are still required to address the medical and scientific challenges, especially when it comes to peripheral artery disease (PAD). In this regard, three-dimensional (3D) printing is envisaged as a promising alternative to upgrade VS by optimizing the shape, dimensions and stent backbone (crucial for optimal mechanical properties), making them customizable for each patient and each stenosed lesion. Moreover, the combination of 3D printing with other methods could also upgrade the final device. This review focuses on the most recent studies using 3D printing techniques to produce VS, both by itself and in combination with other techniques. The final aim is to provide an overview of the possibilities and limitations of 3D printing in the manufacturing of VS. Furthermore, the current situation of CAD and PAD pathologies is also addressed, thus highlighting the main weaknesses of the already existing VS and identifying research gaps, possible market niches and future directions.

Keywords
Stent
Three-dimensional printing
Endovascular prosthesis
Atherosclerosis
Peripheral artery disease
Coronary artery disease
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing