A novel photocurable pullulan-based bioink for digital light processing 3D printing
Digital light processing has significant advantages, such as high repeatability, low failure rate, and no extrusion shear force. To make it possible to print complex structures with high resolution, the consecutive development of photocurable ink materials is indispensable. In this work, photo-functionalized pullulan (Pul-NB) was prepared by introducing norbornene groups into pullulan chains, and an ink material suitable for photocurable printing was prepared by thiol-ene click reaction. The rheology, water absorption, and mechanical properties of the Pul-NB precursor solution and photocurable hydrogel were investigated. The optimal composition of Pul-NB ink for three-dimensional (3D) printing was obtained by adjusting the degree of substitution, Pul-NB concentration, and thiol crosslinking agent. This novel bioink for digital light processing 3D printing showed good printability and high shape fidelity. This ink material provides an excellent alternative for printing biomimetic soft tissue organs, high-throughput tissue models, soft robots, etc.
1. Li J, Wu C, Chu PK, et al., 2020, 3D printing of hydrogels: Rational design strategies and emerging biomedical applications. Mat Sci Eng R, 140: 100543.
2. Rhee S, Puetzer JL, Mason BN, et al., 2016, 3D bioprinting of spatially heterogeneous collagen constructs for cartilage tissue engineering. ACS Biomater Sci Eng, 2(10): 1800–1805.
3. Mazzoni E, Iaquinta MR, Lanzillotti C, et al., 2021, Bioactive materials for soft tissue repair. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 9: 613787.
4. Chen Z, Zhao D, Liu B, et al., 2019, 3D printing of multifunctional hydrogels. Adv Funct Mater, 29(20): 1900971.
5. Sears NA, Wilems TS, Gold KA, et al., 2019, Hydrocolloid inks for 3D printing of porous hydrogels. Adv Mater Technol- US, 4(2): 1800343.
6. Zhang XN, Zheng Q, Wu ZL, 2022, Recent advances in 3D printing of tough hydrogels: A review. Compos Part B Eng, 238: 109895.
7. Qiu Z, Zheng B, Xu J, et al., 2022, 3D-printing of oxidized starch-based hydrogels with superior hydration properties. Carbohydr Polym, 292: 119686.
8. Rajabi M, McConnell M, Cabral J, et al., 2021, Chitosan hydrogels in 3D printing for biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym, 260: 117768.
9. Zhao D, Liu Y, Liu B, et al., 2021, 3D printing method for tough multifunctional particle-based double-network hydrogels. ACS Appl Mater Int, 13(11): 13714–13723.
10. Liu S, Bastola AK, Li L, 2017, A 3D printable and mechanically robust hydrogel based on alginate and graphene oxide. ACS Appl Mater Int, 9(47): 41473–41481.
11. Zielinski PS, Gudeti PKR, Rikmanspoel T, et al., 2023, 3D printing of bio-instructive materials: Toward directing the cell. Bioact Mater, 19: 292–327.
12. Varaprasad K, Karthikeyan C, Yallapu MM, et al., 2022, The significance of biomacromolecule alginate for the 3D printing of hydrogels for biomedical applications. Int J Biol Macromol, 212: 561–578.
13. Yuan R, Wu K, Fu Q, 2022, 3D printing of all-regenerated cellulose material with truly 3D configuration: The critical role of cellulose microfiber. Carbohydr Polym, 294: 119784.
14. Guo J, Li Q, Zhang R, et al., 2022, Loose pre-cross-linking mediating cellulose self-assembly for 3D printing strong and tough biomimetic scaffolds. Biomacromolecules, 23(3): 877–888.
15. Liu Y, Wong CW, Chang SW, et al., 2021, An injectable, self-healing phenol-functionalized chitosan hydrogel with fast gelling property and visible light-crosslinking capability for 3D printing. Acta Biomater, 122: 211–219.
16. Abbadessa A, Blokzijl MM, Mouser VH, et al., 2016, A thermo-responsive and photo-polymerizable chondroitin sulfate-based hydrogel for 3D printing applications. Carbohydr Polym, 149: 163–174.
17. Kimicata M, Mahadik B, Fisher JP, 2021, Long-term sustained drug delivery via 3D printed masks for the development of a heparin-loaded interlayer in vascular tissue engineering applications. ACS Appl Mater Int, 13(43): 50812–50822.
18. Ouyang L, Highley CB, Rodell CB, et al., 2016, 3D printing of shear-thinning hyaluronic acid hydrogels with secondary cross-linking. ACS Biomater Sci Eng, 2(10): 1743–1751.
19. Bavaresco B, Comín R, Salvatierra NA, et al., 2020, Three-dimensional printing of collagen and hyaluronic acid scaffolds with dehydrothermal treatment crosslinking. Compos Commun, 19: 1–5.
20. Chen M, Feng Z, Guo W, et al., 2019, PCL-MECM-based hydrogel hybrid scaffolds and meniscal fibrochondrocytes promote whole meniscus regeneration in a rabbit meniscectomy model. ACS Appl Mater Int, 11(44): 41626–41639.
21. Yin J, Yan M, Wang Y, et al., 2018, 3D bioprinting of low-concentration cell-laden gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) bioinks with a two-step cross-linking strategy. ACS Appl Mater Int, 10(8): 6849–6857.
22. Wulle F, Gorke O, Schmidt S, et al., 2022, Multi-axis 3D printing of gelatin methacryloyl hydrogels on a non-planar surface obtained from magnetic resonance imaging. Addit Manuf, 50: 102566.
23. Hong H, Seo YB, Kim DY, et al., 2020, Digital light processing 3D printed silk fibroin hydrogel for cartilage tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 232: 119679.
24. Xu C, Dai G, Hong Y, 2019, Recent advances in high-strength and elastic hydrogels for 3D printing in biomedical applications. Acta Biomater, 95: 50–59.
25. Fan H, Gong JP, 2020, Fabrication of bioinspired hydrogels: Challenges and opportunities. Macromolecules, 53(8): 2769–2782.
26. Kim SH, Oh S, Chae S, et al., 2019, Exceptional mechanical properties of phase-separation-free Mo3Se3(-)-chain-reinforced hydrogel prepared by polymer wrapping process. Nano Lett, 19(8): 5717–5724.
27. Yu C, Schimelman J, Wang P, et al., 2020, Photopolymerizable biomaterials and light-based 3D printing strategies for biomedical applications. Chem Rev, 120(19): 10695–10743.
28. Schuurmans CCL, Mihajlovic M, Hiemstra C, et al., 2021, Hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate (meth)acrylate-based hydrogels for tissue engineering: Synthesis, characteristics and pre-clinical evaluation. Biomaterials, 268: 120602.
29. Akbaba S, Atila D, Keskin D, et al., 2021, Multilayer fibroin/chitosan oligosaccharide lactate and pullulan immunomodulatory patch for treatment of hernia and prevention of intraperitoneal adhesion. Carbohydr Polym, 265: 118066.
30. Duan Y, Li K, Wang H, et al., 2020, Preparation and evaluation of curcumin grafted hyaluronic acid modified pullulan polymers as a functional wound dressing material. Carbohydr Polym, 238: 116195.
31. Ghorbani F, Zamanian A, Behnamghader A, et al., 2020, Bioactive and biostable hyaluronic acid-pullulan dermal hydrogels incorporated with biomimetic hydroxyapatite spheres. Mater Sci Eng C, 112: 110906.
32. Huang Y, Hu H, Li RQ, et al., 2016, Versatile types of MRI-visible cationic nanoparticles involving pullulan polysaccharides for multifunctional gene carriers. ACS Appl Mater Int, 8(6): 3919–3927.
33. Li H, Xue Y, Jia B, et al., 2018, The preparation of hyaluronic acid grafted pullulan polymers and their use in the formation of novel biocompatible wound healing film. Carbohydr Polym, 188: 92–100.
34. Li S, Yi J, Yu X, et al., 2020, Preparation and characterization of pullulan derivative/chitosan composite film for potential antimicrobial applications. Int J Biol Macromol, 148: 258–264.
35. Mommer S, Gehlen D, Akagi T, et al., 2021, Thiolactone-functional pullulan for in situ forming biogels. Biomacromolecules, 22(10): 4262–4273.
36. Shah SA, Sohail M, Minhas MU, et al., 2021, Curcumin-laden hyaluronic acid-co-pullulan-based biomaterials as a potential platform to synergistically enhance the diabetic wound repair. Int J Biol Macromol, 185: 350–368.
37. Della Giustina G, Gandin A, Brigo L, et al., 2019, Polysaccharide hydrogels for multiscale 3D printing of pullulan scaffolds. Mater Design, 165: 107566.
38. Mugnaini G, Resta C, Poggi G, et al., 2021, Photopolymerizable pullulan: Synthesis, self-assembly and inkjet printing. J Colloid Interface Sci, 592: 430–439.
39. Zhao C, Wu Z, Chu H, et al., 2021, Thiol-rich multifunctional macromolecular crosslinker for gelatin-norbornene-based bioprinting. Biomacromolecules, 22(6): 2729–2739.
40. Gockler T, Haase S, Kempter X, et al., 2021, Tuning superfast curing thiol-norbornene-functionalized gelatin hydrogels for 3D bioprinting. Adv Healthc Mater, 10(14): e2100206.
41. Guo K, Wang H, Li S, et al., 2021, Collagen-based thiol− norbornene photoclick bio-ink with excellent bioactivity and printability. ACS Appl Mater Int, 13: 7037–7050.
42. Feng Z, Chen S, Abdullah A, et al., 2022, Ultra-high molecular weight pullulan-based material with high deformability and shape-memory properties. Carbohyd Polym, 295: 119836.
43. Riccardo R, Dominic R, Liu H, et al., 2021, Optimized photo click (bio) resins for fast volumetric bioprinting. Adv Mater, 33(49): 2102900.
44. Ouyang L, Christopher BH, Sun W, et al., 2017, A generalizable strategy for the 3D bioprinting of hydrogels from nonviscous photo-crosslinkable inks. Adv Mater, 29: 1604983.
45. Jason WN, Sandeep TK, Hojae B, et al., 2010, Cell-laden microengineered gelatin methacrylate hydrogels. Biomaterials, 31: 5536–5544.
46. Liu H, Deng Z, Li T, et al., 2022, Fabrication, GSH-responsive drug release, and anticancer properties of thioctic acid-based intelligent hydrogels. Colloid Surfaces B, 217: 112703.
47. Zu S, Wang Z, Zhang S, et al., 2022, A bioinspired 4D printed hydrogel capsule for smart controlled drug release. Mater Today Chem, 24: 100789.
48. Zhang W, Wang P, Deng Y, et al., 2021, Preparation of superabsorbent polymer gel based on PVPP and its application in water-holding in sandy soil. J Environ Chem Eng, 9: 106760.
49. Xu H, Wu Z, Zhao D, et al., 2022, Preparation and characterization of electrospun nanofibers-based facial mask containing hyaluronic acid as a moisturizing component and huangshui polysaccharide as an antioxidant component. Inter J Biol Macromol, 214: 212–219.
50. Gruppuso M, Iorio F, Turco G, et al., 2022, Hyaluronic acid/ lactose-modified chitosan electrospun wound dressings-crosslinking and stability criticalities. Carbohyd Polym, 288: 119375.