AccScience Publishing / IJB / Volume 8 / Issue 3 / DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v8i3.588
Cite this article
86
Download
1755
Views
Journal Browser
Volume | Year
Issue
Search
News and Announcements
View All
REVIEW

Advances of 3D Printing in Vascularized Organ Construction

Shenglong Li1,2 Siyu Liu2 Xiaohong Wang2,3*
Show Less
1 Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
2 Center of 3D Printing and Organ Manufacturing, School of Intelligent Medicine Medical University, Shenyang, China
3 Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Submitted: 16 March 2022 | Accepted: 24 May 2022 | Published: 7 July 2022
© 2022 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
Abstract

In the past several decades, three-dimensional (3D) printing has provided some viable tissues and organs for repairing or replacing damaged tissues and organs. However, the construction of sufficient vascular networks in a bioartificial organ has proven to be challenging. To make a fully functional bioartificial organ with a branched vascular network that can substitute its natural counterparts, various studies have been performed to surmount the limitations. Significant progress has been achieved in 3D printing of vascularized liver, heart, bone, and pancreas. It is expected that this technology can be used more widely in other bioartificial organ manufacturing. In this review, we summarize the specific applications of 3D printing vascularized organs through several rapid prototyping technologies. The limitations and future directions are also discussed.

Keywords
3D printing
Vascularized organs
Organ manufacturing
Tissue engineering
Stem cells
References

1.    Chatterjee P, Venkataramani AS, Vijayan A, et al., 2015, The Effect of State Policies on Organ Donation and Transplantation in the United States. JAMA Intern Med, 175:1323–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.2194

2. Robertson MP, Hinde RL, Lavee J, 2019, Analysis of Official Deceased Organ Donation Data Casts Doubt on the Credibility of China’s Organ Transplant Reform. BMC Med Ethics, 20:79. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-019-0406-6

3. Wang X, Liu C, 2018, 3D Bioprinting of Adipose-derived Stem Cells for Organ Manufacturing. In: Enabling Cutting Edge Technology for Regenerative Medicine. Ch. 1. Berlin: Spirnger. p3–14.

4. Lei M, Wang X, 2016, Biodegradable Polymers and Stem Cells for Bioprinting. Molecules, 21:539. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21050539
5. Liu F, Liu C, Chen Q, et al., 2017, Progress in Organ 3D Bioprinting. Int J Bioprinting, 4:1–15.

6. Yeong WY, Chua CK, Leong KF, et al., 2004, Rapid Prototyping in Tissue Engineering: Challenges and Potential. Trends Biotechnol, 22:643–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.10.004

7. Ozbolat IT, Hospodiuk M, 2016, Current Advances and Future Perspectives in Extrusion-Based Bioprinting. Biomaterials, 76:321–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.10.076

8. Cui H, Nowicki M, Fisher JP, et al., 2017, 3D Bioprinting for Organ Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater, 6:1601118. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201601118

9. Griffith LG, Wu B, Cima MJ, et al., 1997, In Vitro Organogenesis of Liver Tissue. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 831:382–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52212.x

10. Zein NN, Hanouneh IA, Bishop PD, et al., 2013, Three-Dimensional Print of a Liver for Preoperative Planning in Living Donor Liver Transplantation. Liver Transpl, 19:1304–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.23729

11. Paulsen SJ, Miller JS, 2015, Tissue Vascularization Through 3D Printing: Will Technology bring us Flow? Dev Dyn, 244:629–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.24254

12. Chow SY, Yen-Chow YC, Woodbury DM, 1992, Studies on pH Regulatory Mechanisms in Cultured Astrocytes of DBA and C57 Mice. Epilepsia, 33:775–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1992.tb02181.x

13. Kannan RY, Salacinski HJ, Sales K, et al., 2005, The Roles of Tissue Engineering and Vascularisation in the Development of Micro-Vascular Networks: A Review. Biomaterials, 26:1857–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.07.006
 
14. Segal SS, 1994, Cell-to-cell Communication Coordinates Blood Flow Control. Hypertension, 23:1113–20. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.hyp.23.6.1113
15. Folkman J, Haudenschild C, 1980, Angiogenesis In Vitro. Nature, 288:551–6.

16. Nemeno-Guanzon JG, Lee S, Berg JR, et al., 2012, Trends in Tissue Engineering for Blood Vessels. J Biomed Biotechnol, 2012:956345. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/956345

17. Risau W, Flamme I, 1995, Vasculogenesis. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 11:73–91. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.11.110195.000445

18. Ribatti D, Vacca A, Nico B, et al., 2001, Postnatal Vasculogenesis. Mech Dev, 100:157–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4773(00)00522-0

19. Risau W, 1994, Angiogenesis and Endothelial Cell Function. Arzneimittelforschung, 44:416–7.

20. Hellstrom M, Phng LK, Gerhardt H, 2007, VEGF and Notch Signaling: The Yin and Yang of Angiogenic Sprouting. Cell Adh Migr, 1:133–6. https://doi.org/10.4161/cam.1.3.4978

21. Greenberg JI, Shields DJ, Barillas SG, et al., 2008, A Role for VEGF as a Negative Regulator of Pericyte Function and Vessel Maturation. Nature, 456:809–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07424

22. Flamme I, Frolich T, Risau W, 1997, Molecular Mechanisms of Vasculogenesis and Embryonic Angiogenesis. J Cell Physiol, 173:206–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199711)173:2<206:AIDJCP22>3.0.CO;2-C

23. Rowe RG, Weiss SJ, 2008, Breaching the Basement Membrane: Who, When and How? Trends Cell Biol, 18:560–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2008.08.007

24. Senger DR, Davis GE, 2011, Angiogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol, 3:a005090. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a005090

25. Senger DR, Perruzzi CA, 1996, Cell Migration Promoted by a Potent GRGDS-Containing Thrombin-Cleavage Fragment of Osteopontin. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1314:13–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4889(96)00067-5

26. Atkins GB, Jain MK, Hamik A, 2011, Endothelial Differentiation: Molecular Mechanisms of Specification and Heterogeneity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 31:1476–84. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.228999

27. Swift MR, Weinstein BM, 2009, Arterial-Venous Specification during Development. Circ Res, 104:576–88. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.108.188805

28. Tkachenko E, Gutierrez E, Saikin SK, et al., 2013, The Nucleus of Endothelial Cell as a Sensor of Blood Flow Direction. Biol Open, 2:1007–12. https://doi.org/10.1242/bio.20134622

29. Aird WC, 2007, Phenotypic Heterogeneity of the Endothelium: II. Representative Vascular Beds. Circ Res, 100:174–90. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.0000255690.03436.ae

30. Cui H, Miao S, Esworthy T, et al., 2018, 3D Bioprinting for Cardiovascular Regeneration and Pharmacology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 132:252–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2018.07.014

31. Badorff C, Brandes RP, Popp R, et al., 2003, Transdifferentiation of Blood-Derived Human Adult Endothelial Progenitor Cells into Functionally Active Cardiomyocytes. Circulation, 107:1024–32. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000051460.85800.bb

32. Yamamoto K, Takahashi T, Asahara T, et al., 2003, Proliferation, Differentiation, and Tube Formation by Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Response to Shear Stress. J Appl Physiol, 95:2081–8. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00232.2003

33. Singh A, Singh A, Sen D, 2016, Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cardiac Regeneration: A Detailed Progress Report of the Last 6 Years (2010-2015). Stem Cell Res Ther, 7:82. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-016-0341-0

34. Levenberg S, Rouwkema J, Macdonald M, et al., 2005, Engineering Vascularized Skeletal Muscle Tissue. Nat Biotechnol, 23:879–84. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1109

35. Berthod F, Saintigny G, Chretien F, et al., 1994, Optimization of Thickness, Pore Size and Mechanical Properties of a Biomaterial Designed for Deep Burn Coverage. Clin Mater, 15:259–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0267-6605(94)90055-8

36. Tremblay PL, Hudon V, Berthod F, et al., 2005, Inosculation of Tissue-Engineered Capillaries with the Host’s Vasculature in a Reconstructed Skin Transplanted on Mice. Am J Transplant, 5:1002–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00790.x

37. Zhang W, Wray LS, Rnjak-Kovacina J, et al., 2015, Vascularization of Hollow Channel-Modified Porous Silk Scaffolds with Endothelial Cells for Tissue Regeneration. Biomaterials, 56:68–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.03.053

38. Norotte C, Marga FS, Niklason LE, et al., 2009, Scaffold-Free Vascular Tissue Engineering Using Bioprinting. Biomaterials, 30:5910–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.06.034 

39. Rider P, Zhang Y, Tse C, et al., 2016, Biocompatible Silk Fibroin Scaffold Prepared by Reactive Inkjet Printing. J Mater Sci, 51:8625–30.

40. Christensen K, Xu C, Chai W, et al., 2015, Freeform Inkjet Printing of Cellular Structures with Bifurcations. Biotechnol Bioeng, 112:1047–55. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.25501

41. Wang X, Ao Q, Tian X, et al., 2016, 3D Bioprinting Technologies for Hard Tissue and Organ Engineering. Materials, 9:802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9100802

42. Liu F, Chen Q, Liu C, et al., 2018, Natural Polymers for Organ 3D Bioprinting. Ploymers, 10:1278. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10111278

43. Wang X, 2016, 3D Printing of Tissue/Organ Analogues for Regenerative Medicine. In: Handbook of Intelligent Scaffolds for Regenerative Medicine. 2nd ed. Palo Alto, CA, USA: Pan Stanford Publishing, p557–70.

44. Liu F, Wang X, 2020, Synthetic Polymers for Organ 3D Printing. Polymers, 12:1765.

45. Li S, Tian X, Fan J, et al., 2019, Chitosans for TissueRepair and Organ Three-Dimensional (3D) Bioprinting. Micromachines, 10:765. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10110765

46. Wang X, Yan Y, Zhang R, 2010, Gelatin-based Hydrogels for Controlled Cell Assembly. In: Ottenbrite RM, editor. Biomedical Applications of Hydrogels Handbook, New York: USA: Springer, p269–84.

47. Wang X, 2019, Bioartificial Organ Manufacturing Technologies. Cell Transplant, 28:5–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963689718809918

48. Wang X, Tuomi J, Mäkitie AA, et al., 2013, The Integrations of Biomaterials and Rapid Prototyping Techniques for Intelligent Manufacturing of Complex Organs, In: Lazinica R, editor. Advances in Biomaterials Science and Applications in Biomedicine. London: InTech, p437–63.

49. Zhao X, Wang X, 2013, Preparation of An Adipose-Derived Stem Cell (ADSC)/Fibrin-PLGA Construct Based on a Rapid Prototyping Technique. J Bioact Compat Polym, 28:191–203.

50. Zhao X, Liu L, Wang J, et al. 2014, In Vitro Vascularization of a Combined System Based on a 3D Bioprinting Technique. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 10:833–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/term.1863

51. Schrepfer I, Wang X, 2015, Progress in 3D Printing Technology in Health Care. In: Wang X, editor. Organ Manufacturing. Hauppauge. New York, USA: Nova Science Publishers Inc., p29–74. 

52. Leberfinger AN, Dinda S, Wu Y, et al., 2019, Bioprinting Functional Tissues. Acta Biomater, 95:32–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.009

53. Gibson I, Rosen D, Stucker B, 2015, The Impact of Low-Cost AM Systems. In: Additive Manufacturing Technologies. 2nd ed. New York, USA: Springer, p293–301.

54. Panwar A, Tan LP, 2016, Current Status of Bioinks for Micro-Extrusion-Based 3D Bioprinting. Molecules, 21:685. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21060685

55. Midha S, Dalela M, Sybil D, et al., 2019, Advances in 3D Bioprinting of Bone: Progress and Challenges. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 13:925–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/term.2847

56. Gudapati H, Dey M, Ozbolat I, 2016, A Comprehensive Review on Droplet-Based Bioprinting: Past, Present and Future. Biomaterials, 102:20–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.06.012

57. Hansen CJ, Saksena R, Kolesky DB, et al., 2013, High-Throughput Printing Via Microvascular Multinozzle Arrays. Adv Mater, 25:96–102. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201203321

58. Kim JD, Choi JS, Kim BS, et al., 2010, Piezoelectric Inkjet Printing of Polymers: Stem Cell Patterning on Polymer Substrates. Polymer, 51:2147–54.

59. Skardal A, Zhang J, Prestwich GD, 2010, Bioprinting Vessel-Like Constructs Using Hyaluronan Hydrogels Crosslinked with Tetrahedral Polyethylene Glycol Tetracrylates. Biomaterials, 31:6173–81 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.045

60. Gruene M, Pflaum M, Hess C, et al., 2011, Laser Printing of Three-Dimensional Multicellular Arrays for Studies of Cell-Cell and Cell-Environment Interactions. Tissue Eng Part C Methods, 17:973–82. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEC.2011.0185

61. Gittard SD, Narayan RJ, 2010, Laser Direct Writing of Micro and Nano-Scale Medical Devices. Expert Rev Med Devices, 7:343–56. https://doi.org/10.1586/erd.10.14

62. Erben A, Hörning M, Hartmann B, et al., 2020, Precision 3D-Printed Cell Scaffolds Mimicking Native Tissue Composition and Mechanics. Adv Healthc Mater, 9:e2000918. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202000918

63. Liu L, Wang X, 2015, Creation of a Vascular System for Complex Organ Manufacturing. Int J Bioprinting, 1:77–86. 

64. Heinrich MA, Liu W, Jimenez A, et al., 2019, 3D Bioprinting: From Benches to Translational Applications. Small, 15:e1805510. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201805510

65. Wang X, Ao Q, Tian X, et al., 2017, Gelatin-Based Hydrogels for Organ 3D Bioprinting. Polymers, 9:401. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090401

66. Wang X, 2019, Advanced Polymers for Three-Dimensional (3D) Organ Bioprinting. Micromachines, 10:814. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10120814

67. Suri S, Han LH, Zhang W, et al., 2011, Solid Freeform Fabrication of Designer Scaffolds of Hyaluronic Acid for Nerve Tissue Engineering. Biomed Microdevices, 13:983–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10544-011-9568-9

68. Lin H, Zhang D, Alexander PG, et al., 2013, Application of Visible Light-Based Projection Stereolithography for Live Cell-scaffold Fabrication with Designed Architecture. Biomaterials, 34:331–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.048

69. Laschke MW, Rücker M, Jensen G, et al., 2008, Incorporation of Growth Factor Containing Matrigel Promotes Vascularization of Porous PLGA Scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A, 85:397–407. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.31503

70. Hinton TJ, Jallerat Q, Palchesko RN, et al., 2015, Three-Dimensional Printing of Complex Biological Structures by Freeform Reversible Embedding of Suspended Hydrogels. Sci Adv, 1:e1500758. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500758

71. Golden AP, Tien J, 2007, Fabrication of Microfluidic Hydrogels Using Molded Gelatin as a Sacrificial Element. Lab Chip, 7:720–5. https://doi.org/10.1039/b618409j

72. Lee VK, Kim DY, Ngo H, et al., 2014, Creating Perfused Functional Vascular Channels using 3D Bio-Printing Technology. Biomaterials, 35:8092–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.083

73. Zhao L, Lee VK, Yoo SS, et al., 2012, The Integration of 3-D Cell Printing and Mesoscopic Fluorescence Molecular Tomography of Vascular Constructs Within Thick Hydrogel Scaffolds. Biomaterials, 33:5325–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.04.004

74. Novosel EC, Kleinhans C, Kluger PJ, 2011, Vascularization is the Key Challenge in Tissue Engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 63:300–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2011.03.004

75. Lei M, Wang X, 2015, Uterus Bioprinting. In: Wang X, editor. Organ Manufacturing. Hauppauge, NY, USA: Nova Science Publishers Inc., p335–55.

76. Ekblom O, Ek A, Cider Å, et al., 2018, Increased Physical Activity Post-Myocardial Infarction is Related to Reduced Mortality: Results From the SWEDEHEART Registry. J Am Heart Assoc, 7:e010108. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.010108

77. Li J, Cai Z, Cheng J, et al., 2020, Characterization of a Heparinized Decellularized Scaffold and its Effects on Mechanical and Structural Properties. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 31:999–1023. https://doi.org/10.1080/09205063.2020.1736741

78. Gao RL, Zhang S, Wang ZW, et al., 2019, The Development of Cardiology in China in 70 Years since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China (Excerpts). Chin J Card Arrhythm, 23:459–60.

79. Mironov V, Boland T, Trusk T, et al., 2003, Organ Printing: Computer-Aided Jet-Based 3D Tissue Engineering. Trends Biotechnol, 21:157–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7799(03)00033-7

80. Nakamura M, Kobayashi A, Takagi F, et al., 2005, Biocompatible Inkjet Printing Technique for Designed Seeding of Individual Living Cells. Tissue Eng, 11:1658–66.

81. Leong KF, Cheah CM, Chua CK, 2003, Solid Freeform Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Scaffolds for Engineering Replacement Tissues and Organs. Biomaterials, 24:2363–78.

82. Noor N, Shapira A, Edri R, et al., 2019, 3D Printing of Personalized Thick and Perfusable Cardiac Patches and Hearts. Adv Sci, 6:1900344.

83. Lee A, Hudson AR, Shiwarski DJ, et al., 2019, 3D Bioprinting of Collagen to Rebuild Components of the Human Heart. Science, 365:482–7. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav9051

84. Duan B, Kapetanovic E, Hockaday LA, et al., 2014, Three- Dimensional Printed Trileaflet Valve Conduits Using Biological Hydrogels and Human Valve Interstitial Cells. Acta Biomater, 10:1836–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2013.12.005

85. Hockaday LA, Duan B, Kang KH, et al., 2014, 3D Printed Hydrogel Technologies for Tissue Engineered Heart Valves. 3D Print Addit Manuf, 1:122–36.

86. Grigoryan B, Paulsen SJ, Corbett DC, et al., 2019, Multivascular Networks and Functional Intravascular Topologies within Biocompatible Hydrogels. Science, 364:458–64. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav9750

87. Yan Y, Wang X, Pan Y, et al., 2005, Fabrication of Viable Tissue-Engineered Constructs with 3D Cell-Assembly Technique. Biomaterials, 26:5864–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.02.027

88. Wang X, Yan Y, Pan Y, et al., 2006, Generation of Three-Dimensional Hepatocyte/Gelatin Structures with Rapid Prototyping System. Tissue Eng, 12:83–90. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.2006.12.83

89. Yan Y, Wang X, Xiong Z, et al., 2005, Direct Construction of a Three-Dimensional Structure with Cells and Hydrogel. J Bioact Compat Polym, 20:259–69.

90. Sui S, Wang X, Liu P, et al., 2009, Cryopreservation of Cells in 3D Constructs Based on Controlled Cell Assembly Processes. J Bioact Compat Polym, 24:473–87.

91. Wang X, Paloheimo KS, Xu H, et al., 2010, Cryopreservation of Cell/Hydrogel Constructs Based on a New Cell-Assembling Technique. J Bioact Compat Polym, 25:634–53.

92. Wang X, Yan Y, Zhang R, 2007, Rapid Prototyping as Tool for Manufacturing Bioartificial Livers. Trends Biotechnol, 25:505–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.08.010

93. Wang X, Xu H, 2010, Incorporation of DMSO and Dextran-40 into a Gelatin/Alginate Hydrogel for Controlled Assembled Cell Cryopreservation. Cryobiology, 61:345–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2010.10.161

94. Li S, Yan Y, Xiong Z, et al., 2009, Gradient Hydrogel Construct Based on an Improved Cell Assembling System. J Bioact Compat Polym, 24:84–99.

95. Xiao W, He J, Nichol JW, et al., 2011, Synthesis and Characterization of Photocrosslinkable Gelatin and Silk Fibroin Interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogels. Acta Biomater, 7:2384–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2011.01.016

96. Kang HW, Lee SJ, Ko IK, et al., 2016, A 3D Bioprinting System to Produce human-Scale Tissue Constructs with Structural Integrity. Nat Biotechnol, 34:312–31.

97. Yao R, Zhang R, Yan Y, et al., 2009, In Vitro Angiogenesis of 3D Tissue Engineered Adipose Tissue. J Bioact Co0020mpat Polym, 24:5–24.

98. Xu M, Yan Y, Liu H, et al., 2009, Control Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells Differentiation into Adipose and Endothelial Cells in a 3-D Structure Established by Cell-Assembly Technique. J Bioact Compat Polym, 24:31–47.

99. Xu M, Wang X, Yan Y, et al., 2010, A Cell-Assembly Derived Physiological 3D Model of the Metabolic Syndrome, Based on Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells and a Gelatin/Alginate/Fibrinogen Matrix. Biomaterials, 31:3868–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.111

100. Xu W, Wang X, Yan Y, et al., 2008, Rapid Prototyping of Polyurethane for the Creation of Vascular Systems. J Bioact Compat Polym, 23:103–14.

101. Wang X, Cui T, Yan Y, et al., 2009, Peroneal Nerve Regeneration along a New Polyurethane-Collagen Guide Conduit. J Bioact Compat Polym, 24:109–27.

102. Huang Y, He K, Wang X, 2013, Rapid Prototyping of a Hybrid Hierarchical Polyurethane-Cell/Hydrogel Construct for Regenerative Medicine. Mater Sci Eng C, 33:3220–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2013.03.048

103. Xu W, Wang X, Yan Y, et al. 2008, A Polyurethane-Gelatin Hybrid Construct for the Manufacturing of Implantable Bioartificial Livers. J Bioact Compat Polym, 23:409–22.

104. He K, Wang X, 2011, Rapid Prototyping of Tubular Polyurethane and Cell/Hydrogel Constructs. J Bioact Compat Polym, 26:363–74.

105. Wang X, Yan Y, Zhang R, 2010, Recent Trends and Challenges in Complex Organ Manufacturing. Tissue Eng Part B, 16:189–97. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEB.2009.0576

106. Wang X, 2012, Intelligent Freeform Manufacturing of Complex Organs. Artificial Organs, 36:951–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1594.2012.01499.x

107. Liu L, Yan Y, Xiong Z, et al., 2008, A Novel Poly (Lacticco- glycolic acid)-collagen Hybrid Scaffold Fabricated via Multi-nozzle Low-Temperature Deposition. In: da Silva Bártolo PJ, Jorge AM, da Conceicao Batista F, et al., editors. The 3rd International Conference on Advanced Research in Virtual and Rapid Prototyping. Virtual rapid manufacturing? London: ©Taylor and Francis Group.

108. Wang X, Rijff BL, Khang G, 2015, A Building Block Approach into 3D Printing a Multi-Channel Organ Regenerative Scaffold. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 11:1403.

109. Liu F, Wang X, 2020, Synthetic Polymers for Organ 3D Printing. Polymers, 12:1765. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12081765

110. Zhang T, Yan, YN, Wang X, et al., 2007, Three-Dimensional Gelatin and Gelatin/Hyaluronan Hydrogel Structures for Traumatic Brain Injury. J Bioact Compat Polym, 22:19–29.

111. Zhao X, Du S, Chai L, et al., 2015, Anti-Cancer Drug Screening Based on an Adipose-Derived Stem Cell/Hepatocyte 3D Printing Technique. J Stem Cell Res Ther, 5:273.

112. Zhou X, Liu C, Zhao X, et al., 2016, A 3D Bioprinting Liver Tumor Model for Drug Screening. World J Pharm Pharm Sci, 5:196–213.

113. Wang X, 2015, Drug Delivery Design for Regenerative Medicine. Curr Pharm Des, 21:1503–5. https://doi.org/10.2174/138161282112150220122841

114. Chang CC, Boland ED, Williams SK, et al., 2011, Direct-Write Bioprinting Three-Dimensional Biohybrid Systems for Future Regenerative Therapies. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 98:160–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.31831

115. Miller JS, Stevens KR, Yang MT, et al., 2012, Rapid Casting of Patterned Vascular Networks for Perfusable Engineered Three-Dimensional Tissues. Nat Mater, 11:768–74. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3357

116. Birchall M, De Coppi P, 2016, Novel Approach to In-Vivo Oesophageal Regeneration. Lancet, 388:6–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00649-8

117. Xu Y, Li D, Wang X, 2015, The Construction of Vascularized Pancreas Based on 3D Printing Techniques. In: Wang XH, editor. Organ Manufacturing. New York, USA: Nova Science Publishers Inc., p245–68.

118. Uchida T, Onoe H, 2019, 4D Printing of Multi-Hydrogels using Direct Ink Writing in a Supporting Viscous Liquid. Micromachines, 10:433. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10070433

119. Tsigkou O, Pomerantseva I, Spencer JA, et al., 2010, Engineered Vascularized Bone Grafts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 107:3311–6. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905445107

120. Wang J, Yang M, Zhu Y, et al., 2014, Phage Nanofibers Induce Vascularized Osteogenesis in 3D Printed Bone Scaffolds. Adv Mater, 26:4961–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201400154

121. Santos MI, Reis RL, 2010, Vascularization in Bone Tissue Engineering: Physiology, Current Strategies, Major Hurdles and Future Challenges. Macromol Biosci, 10:12–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.200900107

122. Temple JP, Hutton DL, Hung BP, et al., 2014, Engineering  Anatomically Shaped Vascularized Bone Grafts with hASCs and 3D-Printed PCL Scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A, 102:4317–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.35107

123. Yan Y, Chen H, Zhang H, et al., 2019, Vascularized 3D Printed Scaffolds for Promoting Bone Regeneration. Biomaterials, 190–1:97–110.

124. Potier E, Ferreira E, Dennler S, et al., 2008, Desferrioxamine-Driven Upregulation of Angiogenic Factor Expression by Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2:272–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/term.92

125. Kim JY, Cho DW, 2009, Blended PCL/PLGA Scaffold Fabrication Using Multi-Head Deposition System. Microelectron Eng, 86:1447–50.

126. Schwartz JJ, Boydston AJ, 2019, Multimaterial Actinic Spatial Control 3D and 4D Printing. Nat Commun, 10:791. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08639-7

127. Wang X, 2013, Overview on Biocompatibilities of Implantable Biomaterials. In: Lazinica R, editor. Advances in Biomaterials Science and Biomedical Applications in Biomedicine. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech, p111–55.

128. Wang X, Ma J, Wang Y, et al., 2002, Bone Repair in Radii and Tibias of Rabbits with Phosphorylated Chitosan Reinforced Calcium Phosphate Cements. Biomaterials, 23:4167–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9612(02)00153-9

129. Wang X, Ma J, Feng Q, et al., 2002, Skeletal Repair in of Rabbits with Calcium Phosphate Cements Incorporated Phosphorylated Chitin Reinforced. Biomaterials, 23:4591–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9612(02)00205-3

Share
Back to top
International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing