Air-loaded Gas Vesicle Nanoparticles Promote Cell Growth in Three-dimensional Bioprinted Tissue Constructs

Salwa Alshehri^1,2†, Ram Karan^3†, Sarah Ghalayini^1∞, Kowther Kahin¹, Zainab Khan¹, Dominik Renn³, Sam Mathew³, Magnus Rueping^3,4*, Charlotte A. E. Hauser^1,5*

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¹ Laboratory for Nanomedicine, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955 Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

² Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

³ KAUST Catalysis Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955 Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

⁴ Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, D52074 Aachen, Germany

⁵ Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

⁶ McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA & The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.

†These authors contributed equally to this work.

IJB 2022, 8(3), 489 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v8i3.489

Received: 10 February 2022 | Accepted: 16 March 2022 | Published online: 1 June 2022

© 2022 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )

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Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has emerged as a promising method for the engineering of tissues and organs. Still, it faces challenges in its widespread use due to issues with the development of bioink materials and the nutrient diffusion barrier inherent to these scaffold materials. Herein, we introduce a method to promote oxygen diffusion throughout the printed constructs using genetically encoded gas vesicles derived from haloarchaea. These hollow nanostructures are composed of a protein shell that allows gases to permeate freely while excluding the water flow. After printing cells with gas vesicles of various concentrations, the cells were observed to have increased activity and proliferation. These results suggest that air-filled gas vesicles can help overcome the diffusion barrier throughout the 3D bioprinted constructs by increasing oxygen availability to cells within the center of the construct. The biodegradable nature of the gas vesicle proteins combined with our promising results encourage their potential use as oxygen-promoting materials in biological samples.

Keywords

Three-dimensional bioprinting

Gas vesicles

Halobacterium

Haloferax

Tissue engineering

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