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REVIEW ARTICLE

Morphology engineering of graphitic carbon nitride for enhanced photocatalytic performance: A mini-review

Mingjuan Zhang1* ,  Jingyi Zhao1 ,  Ziyi Wei1 ,  Xing Zhang2 ,  Qihong Liu2*
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1 Anhui Province Engineering Research Center of Water and Soil Resources Comprehensive Utilization and Ecological Protection in High Groundwater Mining Area, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
2 Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
AJWEP, 026160105 https://doi.org/10.36922/AJWEP026160105
Received: 15 April 2026 | Revised: 15 May 2026 | Accepted: 25 May 2026 | Published online: 19 June 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontiers in Sustainable Development of Ecology and Environment)
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has emerged as a promising visible-light-driven photocatalyst for environmental remediation and energy conversion due to its suitable bandgap, high stability, and low cost. However, bulk g-C3N4 prepared by conventional thermal polymerization suffers from low specific surface area, limited active sites, and severe charge recombination. To address these limitations, various morphology engineering strategies have been developed. This review systematically summarizes the preparation methods of g-C3N4 with different morphologies, including ultrathin nanosheets via thermal oxidation etching, liquid-phase ultrasonic exfoliation, and chemical exfoliation; mesoporous structures using hard templating; tubular structures through molecular self-assembly; as well as spherical, rod-like, and quantum dot morphologies. These morphological modifications effectively increase the specific surface area, shorten charge migration pathways, and provide more reactive sites, thereby significantly enhancing photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and pollutant degradation. This review aims to offer guidance for designing high-performance g-C3N4 photocatalysts.

Keywords
Photocatalysis
Graphitic carbon nitride
Morphology engineering
Ultrathin nanosheets
Mesoporous structures
Funding
This work was supported by the Scientific Research Foundation for High-level Talents of Anhui University of Science and Technology (2023yjrc121), Anhui Province Engineering Research Center of Water and Soil Resources Comprehensive Utilization and Ecological Protection in High Groundwater Mining Area (2024-WSREPMA-06).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, Electronic ISSN: 1875-8568 Print ISSN: 0972-9860, Published by AccScience Publishing
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