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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Assessment of groundwater quality for drinking purposes near the industrial area of Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal: Physicochemical, microbiological, and statistical approaches

Shiv Narayan Yadav1 ,  Asbin K. C.2 ,  Dhruba Acharya2 ,  Rabiraj Subedi2 ,  Saugat Rizal1 ,  Shishir Tamang1 ,  Ajaya Bhattarai1*
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1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty/Institute of Science and Technology, Mahendra Morang Adarsh Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Biratnagar, Koshi, Nepal
2 Department of Science, Faculty/Institute of Science and Technology, Saptagandaki Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Chitwan, Bagmati, Nepal
AJWEP, 025120083 https://doi.org/10.36922/AJWEP025120083
Received: 21 March 2025 | Revised: 6 August 2025 | Accepted: 11 August 2025 | Published online: 8 September 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Groundwater quality in rapidly urbanizing Bharatpur areas with unregulated industries remains a critical, understudied challenge. This study addresses this knowledge gap by comprehensively assessing the physicochemical and microbiological contamination of drinking water near the Bharatpur industrial area, Nepal, using a statistical approach. Twelve physicochemical and microbiological parameters were analyzed based on the Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standard (NDWQS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Statistical methods (correlation and regression) and an index-based assessment (water quality index [WQI]) were used to interpret contamination patterns. The results showed that the mean values of pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness, alkalinity, and Cl− were within the WHO/NDWQS guidelines. However, NO3−, PO43− (4.3–9.8 mg/L), NH3 (7–19.5 mg/L), free Carbon dioxide (CO2), and Escherichia coli (0–9 colony-forming unit/100 mL) exceeded the limits, indicating industrial and fecal contamination. The WQI values ranged from 560 to 663, indicating that all groundwater samples were unsuitable for drinking without treatment. Statistical analysis revealed strong positive correlations among key parameters. Conductivity was strongly associated with total dissolved solid, hardness, alkalinity, CO2, NH3, Cl−, PO43−, and E. coli. Hardness, alkalinity, and CO2 showed near-perfect intercorrelations, while additional strong associations were observed between Cl− and E. coli, PO43− and NO3−, and pH and NO3−. Further validation was performed using regression analysis with a first-degree linear equation. The findings indicate that groundwater near Bharatpur’s industrial zone is critically contaminated, necessitating the urgent need for policy interventions, such as wastewater treatment to safeguard public health.

Keywords
Groundwater quality parameters
Statistical analysis
Correlation coefficient
Regression coefficient
Water quality index
Drinking water contamination
Industrial area
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, Electronic ISSN: 1875-8568 Print ISSN: 0972-9860, Published by AccScience Publishing
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