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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Effects of exercise and D-ribose-L-cysteine supplements on neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in an aluminum chloride-induced rat model of Alzheimer’s disease

Oluwafemi Abidemi Adedotun1,2* ,  Babatunde Ogunlade1 ,  Kingsley Afoke Iteire3 ,  Adebanke Faith Balogun1
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1 Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo, Nigeria
2 Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, Ondo, Nigeria
3 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria
IMO, 025460060 https://doi.org/10.36922/IMO025460060
Received: 12 November 2025 | Revised: 8 December 2025 | Accepted: 26 January 2026 | Published online: 12 February 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology involves several pathways, with oxidative stress and inflammation among the major drivers. This study employs an animal model to evaluate the effects of treadmill exercise and D-ribose-L-cysteine (DRLC) on aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced AD. Seventy adult male Wistar rats (150–200 g) were randomized into seven groups (𝑛=10), including a control and six experimental groups: (i) AlCl3-only; (ii) AlCl3 + DRLC; (iii) AlCl3 + exercise; (iv) AlCl3 + DRLC + exercise; (v) DRLC-only; and (vi) exercise-only. A modified rodent treadmill apparatus was used for the exercise regimen, and AlCl3 and DRLC (100 mg/kg each) were prepared freshly for every administration. Y-maze and open field tests were used to evaluate the neurotoxic effects of AlCl3 on working and spatial memory. Oxidative stress markers, neurotransmitter levels, neuroinflammatory markers, and immunohistochemical analysis were also conducted to assess the impact of AlCl3 and the treatments on the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Results indicate that AlCl3 administration led to a decrease in neurobehavioral performance, monoamine neurotransmitter levels, and antioxidant parameters, with a corresponding increase in oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory markers. The deleterious effects of AlCl3 were also evident in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of the rats, contributing to AD-like pathology, as indicated by neurodegeneration. However, combined DRLC supplementation and treadmill exercise attenuated AlCl3-induced behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological alterations, restoring several outcomes toward control levels. In conclusion, the combined approach of exercise and DRLC proved to possess multiple therapeutic benefits in relieving AD symptoms due to their neuroprotective properties.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Alzheimer’s disease
D-ribose-L-cysteine
Aluminum chloride
Treadmill exercise
Hippocampus
Prefrontal cortex
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
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