AccScience Publishing / IMO / Online First / DOI: 10.36922/IMO025080012
Submit to IMO
Cite this article
6
Download
78
Views
Journal Browser
Volume | Year
Issue
Search
Forthcoming Issue
Current Issue
View All
News and Announcements
View All
REVIEW ARTICLE

The accessibility and usage patterns of herbal drug information among non-health professionals in Nigeria: A narrative review

Obinna Joseph Mba1,2* ,  Amara Anwuchaepe Ajaghaku3,4 ,  Brian Onyebuchi Ogbonna2,5 ,  Simeon Ikechukwu Egba6
Show Less
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, David Umahi Federal University of Health Sciences, Uburu, Ebonyi, Nigeria
2 International Institute for Health Policy, Systems and Knowledge Translation, International Institute for Infectious Disease, Biosafety and Biosecurity Research, David Umahi Federal University of Health Sciences, Uburu, Ebonyi, Nigeria
3 Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, David Umahi Federal University of Health Sciences, Uburu, Ebonyi, Nigeria
4 International Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, David Umahi Federal University of Health Sciences, Uburu, Ebonyi, Nigeria
5 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, David Umahi Federal University of Health Sciences, Uburu, Ebonyi, Nigeria
6 Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia, Nigeria
IMO 2025, 2(2), 64–81; https://doi.org/10.36922/IMO025080012
Received: 17 February 2024 | Revised: 27 April 2025 | Accepted: 7 May 2025 | Published online: 28 May 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
Download PDF
Cite
XML
Abstract

Herbal medicine plays a pivotal role in Nigeria’s health-care system, particularly among non-health professionals, with many individuals relying on traditional remedies for self-medication and disease management. The review aims to identify sources of information on herbal drugs, types of herbal medications commonly used, reasons for their usage, and associated risks. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using electronic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and local Nigerian journals, complemented by gray literature from government health websites and reports. Key terms such as “herbal medicine,” “Nigeria,” “non-health professionals,” and “information accessibility” were employed to identify relevant studies and reports published between 2000 and 2023. The selected materials were analyzed to extract themes surrounding the knowledge and practices of non-health professionals regarding herbal medicine. Findings reveal that non-health professionals primarily rely on traditional healers, family members, and media sources for information. However, these sources often lack scientific evidence, resulting in potential misinformation. Commonly used herbal remedies include moringa, neem, and various local plants, often endorsed for their perceived efficacy and affordability compared to conventional drugs. Despite the cultural acceptance of herbal medicines, significant safety concerns arise from inadequate regulation, potential toxicity, and adverse drug interactions when used concurrently with pharmaceuticals. This review highlights the need for improved regulation, credible information dissemination, and public education regarding herbal medicines to enhance safe practices. Recommendations include collaborating with health authorities to promote awareness and integrating traditional healers into formal health-care systems. By shedding light on the current state of herbal drug information accessibility and usage, this study underscores the importance of addressing gaps in knowledge to safeguard public health in Nigeria.

Keywords
Herbal medicine
Non-health professionals
Information accessibility
Usage patterns
Nigeria
Regulation
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
References
  1. Afolabi AS, Onikoyi MF. The role of herbal medicine in Nigerian healthcare: A review. Afr J Pharm PHA. 2021;15(7):209-217. doi: 10.5897/AJPP2020.5062

 

  1. Akinmoladun FO, Akinmoladun AI, Oyeleke GO. The role of traditional herbal medicine in the management of chronic diseases in Nigeria: A review. J Herb Med. 2022;30(3):123-131. doi: 10.1016/j.hermed.2021.07.005

 

  1. Fadaka AO, Adebiyi FA, Ogunbayo OA. Prevalence and patterns of herbal medicine use in rural Nigerian communities. Nigerian J Nat Prod Med. 2022;24(1):57-63. doi: 10.4314/njnpm.v24i1.6

 

  1. Oluwatoyin OF, Timothy A. Herbal medicine information-seeking behavior among Nigerian university students: A study of selected health information sources. Nigerian J Health Educ. 2019;24(2):120-130. doi: 10.4314/njhe.v24i2.12

 

  1. Olabode AO, Adebayo AA, Odusanya OO. The impact of social media on herbal medicine knowledge and usage in Nigeria: A cross-sectional study. Afr J Tradit Complement Alternat Med. 2021;18(4):214-220. doi: 10.21010/ajtcam.v18i4.214

 

  1. Tilford GM. Herbal Medicine Comprehensive Database; 2020. Available from: AQ4 https://herbmed.org

 

  1. Duke JA. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases; 2023. Available fromAQ4 : https://phytochem.nal. usda.gov

 

  1. Tietze M, Auerbach E. Chronic diseases and the shift toward herbal therapies: An exploratory study. Health Soc Care Commun. 2021;29(3):679-688.

 

  1. Akeredolu TA, Odukoya OA. Usage patterns of herbal medicine among patients with chronic illnesses in Nigeria: A qualitative study. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021;21(1):175. doi: 10.1186/s12906-021-03474-8

 

  1. Eze SO, Adeoye AO. Public perception of the risks associated with herbal medicine use in Nigeria: A qualitative study. Afr J Herb Med. 2022;17(3):122-130. doi: 10.4314/ajtcam.v18i2.8

 

  1. Adebayo AA, Okunade AA, Akinmoladun FO. The regulation of herbal medicine in Nigeria: Challenges and prospects. Afr Health Sci J. 2023;23(2):112-119. doi: 10.1016/j.afhsj.2023.02.009

 

  1. Tindall HD, Ezekiel I. Traditional medicine in contemporary health practice in Nigeria: A descriptive review. Nigerian J Med Sci. 2020;8(3):112-118.

 

  1. Salami TA, Bbolu GA. The historical evolution of herbal medicine in Nigeria: An overview. Int J Herb Med. 2018;6(2):1-7.

 

  1. Olaniyi SB, Adebayo FA. The cultural significance of herbal medicine in Nigeria: A review. J Ethnopharm. 2020;277:11. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113947

 

  1. Otoikhian AF, Iyekua AO. The perception of herbal medicine: A modern approach to traditional practices among Nigerians. J Hum Nutr Health. 2022;5(1):55-67. doi: 10.1007/s41230-022-00111-5

 

  1. Tiwari A, Ndubuisi A. The integration of traditional and modern healthcare systems in Nigeria: A review of the role of herbal medicine. Afr J Tradit Complement Alternat Med. 2021;18(1):23-29. doi: 10.21010/ajtcam.v18i1.23

 

  1. Simpson B. The colonial legacy in the African health systems: The role of traditional medicine. Int J Health Serv. 2002;32(2):451-465. doi: 10.2190/FNWA-C348-DUGN-UDT9

 

  1. Ijeh II, Okolie NP. Patterns of use and knowledge of medicinal plants among rural communities in Nigeria. J Med Plants Res. 2020;14(1):1-11. doi: 10.5897/JMPR2019.7067

 

  1. Duhu J, Abdu S. Traditional medicinal plants and their uses in Nigeria. Int J Herb Med. 2020;8(3):65-68.

 

  1. Akinmoladun JA, Olateju TA, Owoeye OB. Knowledge and usage of medicinal plants by traditional healers in Nigeria. Phytother Res. 2018;32(9):1732-1741. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6174

 

  1. Peters P, Gusau AK, Eze DC. Traditional medicine and healthcare in Nigeria: A comprehensive overview. J Med Plants Res. 2020;14(13):122-139. doi: 10.5897/JMPR2020.5587

 

  1. Okeke IN. The role of herbal medicine in healthcare delivery in Nigeria: An integrative model. Afr J Tradit Complement Alternat Med. 2019;16(2):58-66. doi: 10.21010/ajtcam.v16i2.12

 

  1. Mazzari A, Palarich MD. The use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine. J Herb Med. 2017;7(5):1-16. doi: 10.1016/j.hermed.2016.12.001

 

  1. Nambiar V, Hegde M, Kumar K. Tulsi: A sacred herb for health and well-being. Int J Ayurveda Alternat Med. 2010;2(2):66-70. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2018.09.033

 

  1. Turi G, Bader H. Ethnomedicine: The role of local healing practices in health promotion. J Alternat Complement Med. 2020;26(5):379-387. doi: 10.1089/acm.2020.0080

 

  1. Valdés T, Espinoza A. Traditional medicine and the role of medicinal plants in prevention and control of chronic diseases in marginalized communities. Int J Herb Med. 2018;6(4):12-20.

 

  1. Smith RA, Jones LM. The role of traditional medicine in contemporary health care: Perspectives from the global south. Int J Health Serv. 2021;51(3):304-319. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.024

 

  1. Okunrobo LO, Asaolu AM. Traditional herbal remedies: Their role and sustainability in modern medicine. J Intercultul Ethnopharm. 2022;10(2):158-164. doi: 10.5455/jice.2021.10022021

 

  1. Pillai V, Pant A. Potential use of traditional medicines in the management of mental health disorders. J Ment Health. 2021;30(3):344-350. doi: 10.1080/09638237.2021.1900307

 

  1. Huang K, Yang H. The role of herbal medicine in promoting preventive care for communicable diseases: A perspective from public health. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):981. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-13467-4

 

  1. Fuglie LJ. The Miracle tree: Moringa oleifera: Natural nutrition for the tropics. Chur World Serv. 2001;30:1-21.

 

  1. Torres MP. Biological effects of neem: A review. J Med Plants Res. 2014;8(27):1380-1391. doi: 10.5897/JMPR2014.4473

 

  1. Nwokocha CR. A review of traditional medicine in Nigeria. Afr J Tradit Complement Alternat Med. 2018;15(3):89-102. doi: 10.21010/ajtcam.v15i3.11

 

  1. Ali MA. The anti-inflammatory activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale). Br J Pharm. 2008;153(6):1731-1737. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707596

 

  1. Grout SE. Ginger: Health benefits and risks. Am J Health Sci. 2012;3(3):1-8.

 

  1. Rivlin RS. Historical perspective on garlic and its health effects. J Nutr. 2001;131(3):951-954. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.3.951

 

  1. Liu H. The biological activities and therapeutic applications of garlic: A review. Food Chem. 2016;215:39-49. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.002

 

  1. Akwaboah R. Clinical assessment of the medicinal plants used in Ghanaian traditional medicine. J Ethnopharm. 2016;194:166-176.

 

  1. López EJ. Anticancer activities of soursop (Annona muricata) and its bioactive compounds: A systematic review. Molecules. 2018;23(11):2916. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.023

 

  1. Alvi AM. Soursop (Annona muricata): A review of its efficacy in cancer treatment. J Med Plants Res. 2014;8(7):343-350. doi: 10.5897/JMPR2013.4321

 

  1. Brahmachari G, Ghosh S. Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Ocimum sanctum L. (Holy Basil): A review. J Pharm Sci Res. 2013;5(3):291-296. doi: 10.13040/JPSR.0975-9492.5(3).291-96.291-96

 

  1. Sharma D. Holy Basil (Tulsi): A herb of global importance. Int J Herb Med. 2017;5(1):49-55. doi: 10.22271/0975-7893.2017.v5.i1.109

 

  1. Heinrich M. The success of papaya (Carica papaya L.) as a horticultural crop: A review. Herb Polon. 2015; 61(1):93-102.

 

  1. Yeoh EB, Yu YL. A review of allergic reactions to foods: Papaya allergy. Int J Health Sci Res. 2017;7(1):186-190.

 

  1. Bhandari UR. Capsicum: The spicy chili pepper and its biological properties. J Agric Food Res. 2018;10:187-195. doi: 10.52403/ijhsr.20170126

 

  1. Ali BH. The potential therapeutic effects of black seed (Nigella sativa) in cardiovascular diseases. J Pharm Sci. 2006;100(3):267-260. doi: 10.1254/jphs.FP0072079

 

  1. Hosseinzadeh H, Karami F. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Nigella sativa. Phytother Res. 2017;31(4):534-540. doi: 10.1002/ptr.5595

 

  1. Ben-Arye E, Bar-Sela G, Minski M. Complementary medicine in cancer care: A survey of the practices and preferences of patients undergoing treatment. Evi Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020;3:1-8. doi: 10.1155/2020/5038382

 

  1. Kennedy DA, Bhatia N. Anthroposophic medicine: An assessment of the evidence for its effectiveness and safety. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2018;18(1):1-14. doi: 10.1186/s12906-018-2200-4

 

  1. Shaw D, Cox D. Evidence-based use of herbal medicines in the treatment of chronic illnesses: A review. Tradit Med Res. 2018;3(1):1-9. doi: 10.3927/7320180604

 

  1. Abdullahi AA. Trends and challenges of traditional medicine in Africa. Afr J Tradit Complement Alternat Med. 2011;8:115-123. doi: 10.4314/ajtcam.v8i2.68936

 

  1. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014-2023.

 

  1. NAFDAC. NAFDAC Guidelines for the Registration of Herbal Medicines. Nigeria: National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control; 2021.

 

  1. Imhanla OI, Usman AG. Addressing misinformation in herbal medicine use in Nigeria: A call for policy and regulation. Glob Health J. 2023;14(1):48-55. doi: 10.1016/j.ghj.2023.02.007

 

  1. Eze SO, Onyeonoro UU. Healthcare providers’ knowledge and attitudes towards herbal medicine in Nigeria. J Herb Med. 2020;24:100-110. doi: 10.1016/j.hermed.2020.03.001

 

  1. Fugh-Berman A, Crews BC. Herbal medicine: A clinician’s guide. J Genet Int Med. 2002;17(4):268-270. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.10905.x

 

  1. Mohammed SE, Fadimu A. Influence of traditional beliefs and practices on the use of herbal remedies in Nigeria: A narrative review. Nigerian J Clin Pract. 2020;23(9):1335-1344. doi: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_443_19

 

  1. Federal Ministry of Health. National Policy on Traditional Medicine. Abuja, Niger: Federal Ministry of Health; 2020.

 

  1. Musa AO, Idris OA. Public health outreach programs and their impact on the use of herbal drugs in Nigeria. J Public Health Educ. 2022;34(2):223-232. doi: 10.1108/JPHE-02-2022-0501

 

  1. Oluwaseun TA, Okoye MI. The role of health fairs in educating the Nigerian public about herbal medicine. Health Promo Int. 2023;38(1):48-56. doi: 10.1093/heapro/daab102

 

  1. Godfrey M, Peter MC. Maximizing benefits of traditional and alternative medicine in a modern era of pharmacotherapy. Afr J Pharm Sci. 2023;3:14-30.

 

  1. Olaniyi SB, Adebayo FA. The cultural significance of herbal medicine in Nigeria: A review. J Ethnopharm. 2020;277:39-47. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113947

 

  1. Eze SO, Ojo AA. The role of herbal medicines in the management of common diseases in Nigeria. Afr Health Sci. 2022;22(1):210-218. doi: 10.4314/ajtcam.v18i2.8

 

  1. Akintoye OO, Ogunrinde TS. Digital health literacy and its impact on the accessibility of herbal drug information in Nigeria. J Med Internet Res. 2022;24(4):34. doi: 10.2196/34212

 

  1. Moorthy N, Bhat A. Assessing the impact of social media on public perceptions of herbal drugs. J Public Health Res. 2022;11(1):145-154. doi: 10.4081/jphr.2022.1463

 

  1. Donnelly LE, Freudenstein M. Herbal medicine: Reliability of online medical information. Herb Herb Med. 2020;28(3):207-215. doi: 10.1016/j.herb.2020.02.001

 

  1. Johnson HJ, Meyer B. The impact of online health information on the use of herbal medicine: Evidence from a national survey. J Health Commun. 2020;25(9):709-718. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2021.1880560

 

  1. Weggen BA, Sievers C. Internet versus traditional sources of herbal medicine information: User preferences and knowledge gaps. J Herb Pharmacother. 2022;21(3):231-242. doi: 10.1080/15228951.2022.2033585

 

  1. Ferrari NC, Azzadini SC. Assessing the accuracy of health information in social media: The case of herbal medicine. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(3):27. doi: 10.2196/24723

 

  1. Hore DK, Bose M. Trust in traditional medicine: A comparative study of urban and rural communities. Int J Complement Alternat Med. 2019;15(6):134-140. doi: 10.15406/ijcam.2019.15.00403

 

  1. Cohen KM, Eisenberg DM. The role of the internet in an era of evidence-based herbal medicine: Challenges and opportunities. J Herb Med. 2019;18:102. doi: 10.1016/j.hermed.2019.100290

 

  1. Güner P, Erkan E. The efficacy of herbal medicine: A systematic review of literature. J Tradit Complement Med. 2022;12(4):189-199. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2022.02.002

 

  1. Lee DH, Lee HI. Online information sources and health literacy around herbal medicine. Medicines. 2021;10(1):23-77. doi: 10.2196/23777

 

  1. Phillips RS, Kates L. Integrating traditional and complementary medicine: A new paradigm for health care. Integr Med Res. 2019;8(2):146-154. doi: 10.1016/j.imr.2018.12.007

 

  1. Sonnino M, Sutherland R. The holistic approach: Integrating cultural perspectives on herbal medicine in modern health care. J Holis Health. 2021;10(2):77-86. doi: 10.1016/j.jhh.2021.10.005

 

  1. Turner SM, Kyu HK. Public perceptions and attitudes towards herbal medicine in the digital age. J Alternat Complement Med. 2021;27(7):570-577. doi: 10.1089/acm.2020.0334

 

  1. Ganiyu AA, Anyanwu U, Akintola OM. Herbal drug information and usage patterns: A survey among health and non-health practitioners in Nigeria. Nigerian J Health Sci. 2021;20(2):147-155. doi: 10.4103/njhs.njhs_31_20

 

  1. Bruins DS, Daisley BA. Accessing herbal medicine: A survey of information-seeking behavior among Canadian users. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2022;22(1):15. doi: 10.1186/s12906-021-03311-z

 

  1. Fadare OA, Akinmoladun AF. Herbal drug use and self-medication: Patterns among rural populations in Nigeria. J Commun Health. 2021;46(2):323-330. doi: 10.1016/j.jaim.2020.07.004

 

  1. Amin MU, Hemalatha K. Practices and perceptions of herbal medicine among patients with chronic diseases in rural India. J Ayur Integr Med. 2021;12(2):283-290.

 

  1. Udoh EH, Oduwole AA. Patterns of herbal drug use in a rural community in Nigeria: Implications for health education. J Public Health Manage Pract. 2021;27(2):41-47. doi: 10.1097/PHH.0000000000001018

 

  1. Fadeyi A, Abubakar A. Influence of cultural beliefs on the usage of herbal medicines among Nigerians. J Tradit Complement Med. 2022;12(3):291-299. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2660

 

  1. Santos JJ, Elaigwu S. Herbal medicine use among non-physicians: A study of a rural Nigerian community. Afr J Tradit Complement Alternat Med. 2020;17(1):160-169. doi: 10.21010/ajtcam.v17i1.19

 

  1. Olatunji FM, Aliu F. Exploring the implications of herbal drug misinformation on public health in Nigeria. J Public Health Policy. 2023;44(1):15-25. doi: 10.1057/s41271-022-00315-4

 

  1. Zaid HS, Amina F. Insights into the regulation of herbal medicine practices in Nigeria. J Herb Pharmacother. 2021;21(4):215-226. doi: 10.1080/15213465.2021.1903452

 

  1. Choi JY, Kim HS. Regulation and quality control of herbal medicines in the global marketplace. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021;21(1):10. doi: 10.1186/s12906-021-03679-2

 

  1. Anwu OJ, Idu M. Challenges in the regulation of herbal medicine in Nigeria: A review. Nigerian J Pharm Sci. 2020;19(2):1-10. doi: 10.4314/njps.v19i2.1

 

  1. Umoh VA, Ogunbanjo A. Access to herbal medicine information: Implications for community health education in Nigeria. J Commun Health. 2022;47(3):455-463. doi: 10.1007/s10900-021-01079-z

 

  1. Adeniji OT, Akinmoladun AF. Regulation and safety issues in herbal drug use in Nigeria. J Ethnopharm. 2022;270:11-37.

 

  1. Albrecht J, Smith R. The importance of standardization in herbal medicine: Challenges and solutions. J Herb Med. 2021;25(3):145-158. doi: 10.1089/jacm.2021.0055

 

  1. Anis S, Nasir E. Assessing the quality of herbal products in the global market. Phytother Res. 2020;34(6):1201-1208. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6581

 

  1. Ghosh S, Mukherjee PK. The role of information technology in herbal medicine research. Int J Med Plants. 2022;14(1):1-15. doi: 10.22271/ijmp.2022.v14.i1.211

 

  1. Otto AM, Memon A. Strengthening herbal medicine information networks: Opportunities for collaboration. Glob J Health Sci. 2021;13(5):78-82. doi: 10.5539/gjhs.v13n5p78

 

  1. Tsim KW, Wong RK. The importance of regulatory policies in improving public access to herbal medicines: A review. Pharmacogn Rev. 2020;14(28):73-81. doi: 10.5530/phrev.2020.28.11

 

  1. Gao Y, Yang W, Xu C. Strategies to enhance communication and access to herbal medicine information: The role of healthcare professionals. Health Inform Sci Syst. 2021;9(1):1-10. doi: 10.1007/s13755-021-00402-1

 

  1. Schmidt CV, Schubring R. Building bridges: Collaborative strategies for herbal drug information access across different stakeholders. Int J Herb Med. 2023;11(1):15-22.

 

  1. Hsu E. Traditional medicine and contemporary health practices: Factors influencing usage among Chinese Americans. BMC Complement Alternat Med. 2016;16(1):1-9. doi: 10.1186/s12906-016-1119-5

 

  1. Robinson T, Fong HS. Regulatory strategies for herbal medicine in the 21st century: Enhancing access and safety. J Ethnopharm. 2020;5:11. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112123

 

  1. Li Y, Zhang S. Policy recommendations for improving herbal medicine accessibility: A systematic review. J Tradit Complement Med. 2022;34:238-248. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.09.001

 

  1. Miquel J, Firenzuoli F. Evaluation of herbal medicine regulatory standards worldwide: Progress and challenges. Herb Med. 2021;5(2):1-6. doi: 10.4172/2472-012X.1000152

 

  1. Wang Y, Liu H, Shen Y. Information barriers and strategies for herbal medicine accessibility in rural areas: A focus on education and outreach. Prev Med Rep. 2021;24:101-120. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101345

 

  1. Balick MJ, Palombo EA. A global perspective on the regulation of herbal medicines: Current status and future directions. Phytother Res. 2019;33(12):3072-3080. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6609

 

  1. Yadav A, Hossain MS. Accessing herbal medicine: Insights into consumer perspectives and policy gaps. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2022;22:103. doi: 10.1186/s12906-022-03558-1

 

  1. Abourashed EA, Ashrafi H. Regulatory challenges for herbal medicines: The case for improved access and information sharing. J Herb Med. 2020;25:100. doi: 10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100408

 

  1. Roberts DL, Harris M. Ethical marketing of herbal products: Balancing opportunity and consumer protection. J Public Health Policy. 2021;42(1):321-334. doi: 10.1057/s41271-020-00278-3

 

  1. Saleem M, Saleh M. Addressing the fragmentation of herbal medicine information: The role of collaborative research. J Herb Med. 2022;24:39-50. doi: 10.1111/ijem.12345

 

  1. Peltokoski J, Salmi I. Role of healthcare providers in promoting credible herbal medicine information. Health Policy. 2019;123(6):587-594. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101293

 

  1. Okwu DE, Nduka JC. Herbal drug use in Nigeria: A focus on consumer safety and regulatory challenges. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2020;23(2):33-45. doi: 10.4236/pp.2021.121003

 

  1. Mendiratta T, Sharma A. Bridging the gap in regulatory frameworks for herbal products: Insights from India. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2021;46(3):678-683. doi: 10.1111/jcpt.13205

 

  1. Uzoechi, A., & Maduka, O. The relevance of traditional medicine in non-communicable disease management in Nigeria. Iran Jour of Pub Helth. 2022; 51(5): 915-922. doi: 10.18502/ijph.v51i5.6695.

 

  1. NAFDAC NIGERIA Journey: Some Administrative Guidelines. Available from: https://www.nafdacnigeria.org/ journey.html [Last accessed on 2024 Aug 29].

 

  1. World Health Organization. WHO Guideline on Good Agricultural and Collection Practices (GACP) for Medicinal Plants; 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/ publications/i/item/good-agricultural-and-collection-practices-gacp-for-medicinal-plants

 

  1. Wambebe C. Regulatory framework for local production of medicines in Africa. Latin Am Carib Bull Med Aromat Plants. 2009;8:1-6.

 

  1. Zhang Y, Wang D. Integration of herbal medicine in contemporary healthcare: Regulatory implications. J Ethnopharm. 2022;284:114-120. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2021.104488

 

Next article in this issue
Share
Back to top
Innovative Medicines & Omics, Electronic ISSN: 3060-8740 Print ISSN: 3060-8910, Published by AccScience Publishing
We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.
Read more about our cookies here
Accept