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REVIEW ARTICLE

Applications of 3D bioprinting in neurogenic bladder following spinal cord injury: Research and clinical translation to artificial intelligence-empowered prospects

Yuxin Zhang1 ,  Lei Pang1*
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1 The Urology Department of Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Taiyuan, 030012, China
IJB, 026050044 https://doi.org/10.36922/IJB026050044
Received: 31 January 2026 | Revised: 8 March 2026 | Accepted: 19 March 2026 | Published online: 23 April 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Neurogenic bladder (NB) after spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a major clinical challenge. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology offers a systematic solution in this field. This review summarizes its multidimensional applications in post-SCI NB. In basic research, the technology can be used to construct in vitro biomimetic “nerve-bladder” models for mechanism elucidation and high-throughput drug screening. In therapeutic strategies, it enables the fabrication of bioactive scaffolds that guide nerve regeneration and structurally biomimetic bladder tissues, synchronously promoting neural repair and tissue reconstruction. In clinical translation, image-based personalized 3D-printed models have been utilized for surgical planning and simulation. The integration of artificial intelligence further advances personalized design, printing process optimization, and multimodal collaborative research paradigms. Although major challenges remain in mechanistic understanding, manufacturing workflows, ethics, and regulation, 3D bioprinting may help shift NB management from “symptom management” to “functional reconstruction,” presenting tremendous and optimistic possibilities for transferring to the clinical end.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Three-dimensional bioprinting
Spinal cord injury
Neurogenic bladder
Tissue engineering
Neural regeneration; Artificial intelligence
Funding
This work was supported by the general project of the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province (No. 202503021211298).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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