Repairing long-distance peripheral nerve defects and reconstructing corresponding functions remain two major challenges in the field of regenerative medicine. The application of nerve conduits, constructed via neural tissue engineering strategies, has emerged as a prominent research focus and an essential tool for nerve repair. Among neural tissue engineering technologies, additive manufacturing, especially bioprinting, represents one of the most promising fabrication approaches for neural conduits. This review systematically analyses the current research progress on peripheral nerve conduit fabrication, with particular emphasis on how different conduit structures, biomaterials, and additive manufacturing techniques synergistically influence nerve regeneration outcomes. The review also summarizes the principles and recommendations for selecting appropriate nerve conduit structures for different defect lengths and injury stages, providing a theoretical basis for the design and practical application of conduit structures. Special attention is given to the role of advanced bioprinting technologies in enhancing conduit complexity, cell guidance, and functional recovery. Furthermore, this review highlights emerging trends and discusses critical future directions for the integration of structure design, material selection, and printing strategies toward the next generation of nerve conduits. By bridging biomaterials engineering, manufacturing innovations, and regenerative medicine needs, this manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive perspective for advancing peripheral nerve repair.