Additively manufactured polyether ether ketone (PEEK) skull implant as an alternative to titanium mesh in cranioplasty

Jiaqi Zhang^1,2†, Yanwen Su^3,4†, Xiao Rao^1,2†, Huanhao Pang^3,4, Hui Zhu^3,4, Liang Liu^1,5, Ligang Chen^1,5, Dichen Li^3,4, Jiankang He^3,4*, Jianhua Peng^1,6*, Yong Jiang^1,2,7*

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¹ Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China

² Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China

³ State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

⁴ National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

⁵ Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China

⁶ Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China

⁷ Institute of Epigenetics and Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China

†These authors contributed equally to this work.

IJB 2023, 9(1), 634 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v9i1.634

Received: 24 July 2022 | Accepted: 5 September 2022 | Published online: 4 November 2022

© 2022 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )

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Abstract

Cranioplasty is used for skull defects, involving lifting the scalp and restoring the contour of the skull with the original skull piece, titanium mesh, or solid biomaterial. Additive manufacturing (AM) technology, known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, is now utilized by medical professionals to develop customized replicas of tissues, organs and bones, offering a valid option with perfect anatomic fitting in the individual and skeletal reconstruction. Here, we report a case that underwent titanium mesh cranioplasty 15 years ago. The poor appearance of the titanium mesh weakened the left eyebrow arch and resulted in the formation of a sinus tract. Cranioplasty was performed using an additively manufactured polyether ether ketone (PEEK) skull implant. PEEK skull implants have been successfully implanted without any complications. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of direct use of fused filament fabrication (FFF)-fabricated PEEK implant for cranial repair. The FFF-printed PEEK customized skull implant could possess simultaneously with adjustable material thickness and more complex structure, tunable mechanical properties, and low processing costs compared with traditional manufacturing processes. While meeting clinical needs, this production method is an appropriate alternative for promoting the use of PEEK materials in cranioplasty.

Keywords

Cranioplasty

Three-dimensional printing

Additive manufacturing

Polyether ether ketone

Fused filament fabrication

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