AccScience Publishing / IJB / Volume 7 / Issue 1 / DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v7i1.306
Submit to IJB
Cite this article
171
Download
4016
Views
Journal Browser
Volume | Year
Issue
Search
Forthcoming Issue
Current Issue
View All
News and Announcements
View All
REVIEW

3D Printing Technologies in Metallic Implants: A Thematic Review on the Techniques and Procedures

Shokouh Attarilar1,2 ,  Mahmoud Ebrahimi3 ,  Faramarz Djavanroodi4,5 ,  Yuanfei Fu6 ,  Liqiang Wang2* ,  Junlin Yang1*
Show Less
1 Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
2 State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
3 National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
4 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, KSA
5 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
6 Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
IJB 2021, 7(1), 306 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v7i1.306
© Invalid date by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
Download PDF
Cite
XML
Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) is among the most attractive methods to produce implants, the processes are very swift and it can be precisely controlled to meet patient’s requirement since they can be produced in exact shape, dimension, and even texture of different living tissues. Until now, lots of methods have emerged and used in this field with diverse characteristics. This review aims to comprehensively discuss 3D printing (3DP) technologies to manufacture metallic implants, especially on techniques and procedures. Various technologies based on their main properties are categorized, the effecting parameters are introduced, and the history of AM technology is briefly analyzed. Subsequently, the utilization of these AM-manufactured components in medicine along with their effectual variables is discussed, and special attention is paid on to the production of porous scaffolds, taking pore size, density, etc., into consideration. Finally, 3DP of the popular metallic systems in medical applications such as titanium, Ti6Al4V, cobalt-chromium alloys, and shape memory alloys are studied. In general, AM manufactured implants need to comply with important requirements such as biocompatibility, suitable mechanical properties (strength and elastic modulus), surface conditions, custom-built designs, fast production, etc. This review aims to introduce the AM technologies in implant applications and find new ways to design more sophisticated methods and compatible implants that mimic the desired tissue functions.

Keywords
Additive manufacturing
3D printing techniques
Biometals
Implants
Porous scaffolds
References

1. Ni J, Ling H, Zhang S, et al., 2019, Three-dimensional Printing of Metals for Biomedical Applications. Mater Today Bio, 3:100024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2019.100024.

2. Attaran M, 2017, The Rise of 3-D Printing: The Advantages of Additive Manufacturing Over Traditional Manufacturing. Bus Horiz, 60:677–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2017.05.011.

3. Skylar-Scott MA, Uzel SG, Nam LL, et al., 2019, Biomanufacturing of Organ-specific Tissues with High Cellular Density and Embedded Vascular Channels. Sci Adv,5:eaaw2459. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw2459.

4. Zhang B, Pei X, Zhou C, et al., 2018, The Biomimetic Design and 3D Printing of Customized Mechanical Properties Porous Ti6Al4V Scaffold for Load-bearing Bone Reconstruction. Mater Des, 152:30–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.04.065.

5. Söhling N, Neijhoft J, Nienhaus V, et al., 2020, 3D-Printing of Hierarchically Designed and Osteoconductive Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. Materials (Basel), 13:1836. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13081836.

6. Pei X, Ma L, Zhang B, et al., 2017, Creating Hierarchical Porosity Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds with Osteoinduction by Three-dimensional Printing and Microwave Sintering. Biofabrication, 9:45008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/aa90ed.

7. Stepniak K, Ursani A, Paul N, et al., 2020, Novel 3D Printing Technology for CT Phantom Coronary Arteries with High Geometrical Accuracy for Biomedical Imaging Applications. Bioprinting, 18:e00074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bprint.2020.e00074.

8. Jardini AL, Larosa MA, Filho RM, et al., 2014, Cranial Reconstruction: 3D Biomodel and Custom-built Implant Created Using Additive Manufacturing. J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 42:1877–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2014.07.006.

9. Mobbs RJ, Coughlan M, Thompson R, et al., 2017, The Utility of 3D Printing for Surgical Planning and Patient specific Implant Design for Complex Spinal Pathologies: Case Report. J Neurosurg Spine, 26:513–8. https://doi.org/10.3171/2016.9.SPINE16371.

10. Kodama H, 1981, A Scheme for Three-Dimensional Display by Automatic Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Model. IEICE Trans Electron (Japanese Ed), 64:237–41.

11. Hull CW, Spence ST, Albert DJ, et al., 1988, Methods and Apparatus for Production of Three-dimensional Objects by Stereolithography, Patents No. 5059359.

12. Noor N, Shapira A, Edri R, et al., 2019, 3D Printing of Personalized Thick and Perfusable Cardiac Patches and Hearts. Adv Sci, 2019:1900344. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201900344.

13. Ahmad AN, Gopinath P, Vinogradov A, 2019, 3D Printing in Medicine. In: 3D Printing Technology, Nanomedicine. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815890-6.00001-3.

14. Gorsse S, Hutchinson C, Gouné M, et al., 2017, Additive Manufacturing of Metals: A Brief Review of the Characteristic Microstructures and Properties of Steels, Ti-6Al-4V and High-entropy Alloys. Sci Technol Adv Mater, 18:584–610. https://doi.org/10.1080/14686996.2017.1361305.

15. Boularaoui S, Al Hussein G, Khan KA, et al., 2020, An Overview of Extrusion-based Bioprinting with a Focus on Induced Shear Stress and its Effect on Cell Viability. Bioprinting, 20:e00093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bprint.2020.e00093.

16. Gibson I, Rosen D, Stucker B, 2015, Vat Photopolymerization Processes. In: Addition Manufacturing Technologies. Springer, New York, pp. 63–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2113-3_4.

17. Appuhamillage GA, Chartrain N, Meenakshisundaram V, et al., 2019, 110th Anniversary : Vat Photopolymerization-Based Additive Manufacturing: Current Trends and Future Directions in Materials Design. Ind Eng Chem Res, 58:15109–18. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02679.

18. Shirazi SF, Gharehkhani S, Mehrali M, et al., 2015, A Review on Powder-based Additive Manufacturing for Tissue Engineering: Selective Laser Sintering and Inkjet 3D Printing. Sci Technol Adv Mater, 16:033502. https://doi.org/10.1088/1468-6996/16/3/033502.

19. Sun S, Brandt M, Easton M, 2017, 2-Powder Bed Fusion Processes: An Overview. In: Brandt MB, editor. Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials. Woodhead Publishing, Sawston, United Kingdom, pp. 55–77. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100433-3.00002-6.

20. Sing SL, Huang S, Yeong WY, 2020, Effect of Solution Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Produced Cobalt-28chromium-6 molybdenum. Mater Sci Eng A, 769:138511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.138511.

21. Galati M, Iuliano L, 2018, A Literature Review of Powder based Electron Beam Melting Focusing on Numerical Simulations. Addit Manuf, 19:1–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.11.001.

22. Yu W, Sing SL, Chua CK, et al., 2019, Influence of Remelting on Surface Roughness and Porosity of AlSi10Mg Parts Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting. J Alloys Compd, 792:574–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.04.017.

23. Li X, Tan YH, Willy HJ, et al., 2019, Heterogeneously Tempered Martensitic High Strength Steel by Selective Laser Melting and its Micro-lattice: Processing, Microstructure, Superior Performance and Mechanisms. Mater Des, 178:107881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107881.

24. Kuo CN, Chua CK, Peng PC, et al., 2020, Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Property Response via 3D Printing Parameter Development of Al-Sc alloy. Virtual Phys Prototyp, 15:120–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2019.1698967.

25. Yap CY, Chua CK, Dong ZL, et al., 2015, Review of Selective Laser Melting: Materials and Applications. Appl Phys Rev, 2:041101. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4935926.

26. Sing SL, Wiria FE, Yeong WY, 2018, Selective Laser Melting of Titanium Alloy with 50 wt% Tantalum: Effect of Laser Process Parameters on Part Quality. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater, 77:120–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2018.08.006.

27. Wang P, Nai ML, Tan X, et al., 2016, Recent Progress of Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V by Electron Beam Melting. In: Solid Free from fabrication. 2016 Proceeding 27th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium Additive Manufacturing. Conference, pp. 691–704.

28. Nandwana P, Lee Y, 2020, Influence of Scan Strategy on Porosity and Microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V Fabricated by Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion. Mater Today Commun, 24:100962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.100962.

29. Tan JH, Sing SL, Yeong WY, 2020, Microstructure Modelling for Metallic Additive Manufacturing: A Review. Virtual Phys Prototyp, 15:87–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2019.1677345.

30. Wang P, Tan X, Nai ML, et al., 2016, Spatial and Geometrical based Characterization of Microstructure and Microhardness for an Electron Beam Melted Ti-6Al-4V Component. Mater Des, 95:287–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.093.

31. Galarraga H, Lados DA, Dehoff RR, et al., 2016, Effects of the Microstructure and Porosity on Properties of Ti-6Al-4V ELI Alloy Fabricated by Electron Beam Melting (EBM). Addit Manuf, 10:47–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2016.02.003.

32. Wang P, Nai ML, Sin WJ, et al., 2018, Realizing a Full Volume Component by In-Situ Welding during Electron Beam Melting Process. Addit Manuf, 22:375–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.05.022.

33. Wang P, Goh MH, Li Q, et al., 2020, Effect of Defects and Specimen Size with Rectangular Cross-section on the Tensile Properties of Additively Manufactured Components. Virtual Phys Prototyp, 15:251–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2020.1733430.

34. Pan Wang JW, Sin WJ, Nai ML, 2017, Effects of Processing Parameters on Surface Roughness of Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V via Electron Beam Melting. Materials (Basel), 10:1121. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10101121.

35. Zhang LC, Chen LY, Wang L, 2020, Surface Modification of Titanium and Titanium Alloys: Technologies, Developments, and Future Interests. Adv Eng Mater, 22: 1901258. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201901258.

36. Singh R, Singh S, Hashmi MS, 2016, Implant Materials and Their Processing Technologies. In: The Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.04156-4.

37. Körner C, 2016, Additive Manufacturing of Metallic Components by Selective Electron Beam Melting a Review. Int Mater Rev, 61:361–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/09506608.2016.1176289.

38. Chia HN, Wu BM, 2015, Recent Advances in 3D Printing of Biomaterials. J Biol Eng, 9:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13036-015-0001-4.

39. Waheed S, Cabot JM, Macdonald NP, et al., 2016, 3D Printed Microfluidic Devices: Enablers and Barriers. Lab Chip, 16:1993–2013. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6LC00284F.

40. Zhang Y, Jarosinski W, Jung YG, et al., 2018, Additive Manufacturing Processes and Equipment. In: Additive Manufacturing. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812155-9.00002-5.

41. Upcraft S, Fletcher R, 2003, The Rapid Prototyping Technologies. Assem Autom, 23:318–30. https://doi.org/10.1108/01445150310698634.

42. Hwang HH, Zhu W, Victorine G, et al., 2018, 3D-Printing of Functional Biomedical Microdevices via Light and Extrusion-Based Approaches. Small Methods, 2:1700277. https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.201700277.

43. Pilipović A, RaosP, Šercer M, 2009, Experimental Analysis of Properties of Materials for Rapid Prototyping. Int J Adv Manuf Technol, 40:105–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-007-1310-7.

44. Bhattacharjee N, Urrios A, Kang S, et al., 2016, The Upcoming 3D-Printing Revolution in Microfluidics. Lab Chip, 16:1720–42. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6LC00163G.

45. Hamid Q, Snyder J, Wang C, et al., 2011, Fabrication of Three-dimensional Scaffolds Using Precision Extrusion Deposition with an Assisted Cooling Device. Biofabrication, 3:034109. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/3/3/034109.

46. Vaezi M, Zhong G, Kalami H, et al., 2018, Extrusion-based 3D Printing Technologies for 3D Scaffold Engineering. In: Functional 3D Tissue Engineering Scaffolds: Materials, Technologies, and Applications. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 235–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100979-6.00010-0.

47. Greulich M, Greul M, Pintat T, 1995, Fast, Functional Prototypes via Multiphase Jet Solidification. Rapid Prototyp J, 1:20-5. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552549510146649.

48. Carneiro OS, Silva AF, Gomes R, 2015, Fused Deposition Modeling with Polypropylene. Mater Des, 83:768–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.06.053.

49. Sun L, Parker ST, Syoji D, et al., 2012, Direct-Write Assembly of 3D Silk/Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds for Bone Co-Cultures. Adv Healthc Mater, 1:729–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201200057.

50. Rane K, Strano M, 2019, A Comprehensive Review of Extrusion-based Additive Manufacturing Processes for Rapid Production of Metallic and Ceramic Parts. Adv Manuf,7:155–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40436-019-00253-6.

51. Highley CB, 2019, 3D Bioprinting Technologies. In: 3D Bioprinting Medicine. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, pp. C1–2. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23906-0_8.

52. El Aita I, Breitkreutz J, Quodbach J, 2019, On-demand Manufacturing of Immediate Release Levetiracetam Tablets Using Pressure-assisted Microsyringe Printing. Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 134:29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.11.008.

53. Vaezi M, Seitz H, Yang S, 2013, A Review on 3D Microadditive Manufacturing Technologies. Int J Adv Manuf Technol, 67:1957–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-013-4962-5.

54. Mekonnen BG, Bright G, Walker A, 2016, A Study on State of the Art Technology of Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM). Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 207–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2740-3_21.

55. Dermeik B, Travitzky N, 2020, Laminated Object Manufacturing of Ceramic-Based Materials. Adv Eng Mater, 2020:2000256. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202000256.

56. Hagedorn Y, 2017, Laser Additive Manufacturing of Ceramic Components. In: Laser Additive Manufacturing. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 163–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100433-3.00006-3.

57. Horn TJ, Harrysson OL, 2012, Overview of Current Additive Manufacturing Technologies and Selected Applications. Sci Prog, 95:255–82. https://doi.org/10.3184/003685012X13420984463047.

58. Gibson I, Rosen DW, Stucker B, 2009, Additive Manufacturing Technologies: Rapid Prototyping to Direct Digital Manufacturing. Springer US, Berlin, Germany. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1120-9.

59. Gibson I, Rosen D, Stucker B, 2015, Directed Energy Deposition Processes. In: Addition Manufacturing Technologies. Springer, New York, pp. 245–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2113-3_10.

60. Ventola CL, 2014, Medical Applications for 3D Printing: Current and Projected Uses. P T, 39:704–11.

61. Sinha SK, 2020, Additive Manufacturing (AM) of Medical Devices and Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Based on 3D and 4D Printing. In: 3D 4D Printing of Polymer Nanocomposite Materials. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 119–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816805-9.00005-3.

62. Wang D, Wang Y, Wu S, et al., 2017, Customized a Ti6Al4V Bone Plate for Complex Pelvic Fracture by Selective Laser Melting. Materials (Basel), 10:35. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10010035.

63. Turnbull G, Clarke J, Picard F, et al., 2018, 3D Bioactive Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. Bioact Mater, 3:278–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2017.10.001.

64. Roopavath UK, Kalaskar DM, 2017, Introduction to 3D Printing in Medicine. In: 3D Printing in Medicine. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100717-4.00001-6.

65. Wang X, Ao Q, Tian X, et al., 2016, 3D Bioprinting Technologies for Hard Tissue and Organ Engineering. Materials (Basel). 9:802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9100802.

66. Derakhshanfar S, Mbeleck R, Xu K, et al., 2018, 3D Bioprinting for Biomedical Devices and Tissue Engineering: A Review of Recent Trends and Advances. Bioact Mater, 3:144–56.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2017.11.008.

67. Nagarajan N, Dupret-Bories A, Karabulut E, et al., 2018, Enabling Personalized Implant and Controllable Biosystem Development through 3D Printing. Biotechnol Adv, 36, 521–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.02.004.

68. Bandyopadhyay A, Mitra I, Bose A, 2020, 3D Printing for Bone Regeneration. Curr Osteoporos Rep, 18:505–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-020-00606-2.

69. Bittner SM, Guo JL, Melchiorri A, et al., 2018, Threedimensional Printing of Multilayered Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. Mater Today, 21:861–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2018.02.006.

70. Chang J, He J, Mao M, et al., 2018, Advanced Material Strategies for Next-Generation Additive Manufacturing. Materials (Basel), 11:166. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11010166.

71. Peng F, Vogt BD, Cakmak M, 2018, Complex Flow and Temperature History during Melt Extrusion in Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing. Addit Manuf, 22:197–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.05.015.

72. Bandyopadhyay A, Traxel KD, 2018, Invited Review Article: Metal-additive Manufacturing Modeling Strategies for Application-optimized Designs. Addit Manuf, 22:758–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.06.024.

73. Thakar CM, Deshmukh SP, Mulla TA, 2020, A Review on Selective Deposition Lamination 3D Printing Technique. Int J Adv Sci Res Eng Trends, 4:7–11.

74. Do AV, Smith R, Acri TM, Geary SM, et al., 2018, 3D Printing Technologies for 3D Scaffold Engineering. In: Functional 3D Tissue Engineering Scaffolds: Materials, Technologies, and Applications. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 203–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100979-6.00009-4.

75. Devillard R, Pagès E, Correa MM, et al., 2014, Cell Patterning by Laser-Assisted Bioprinting. Methods Cell Biol, 119:159-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416742-1.00009-3.

76. Akbari S, Zhang YF, Wang D, et al., 2018, 4D Printing and its Biomedical Applications. In: 3D 4D Printing in Biomedical Applications. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co., KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, pp. 343–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527813704.ch14.

77. Hao L, Tang D, Sun T, et al., 2020, Direct Ink Writing of Mineral Materials: A review. Int J Precis Eng Manuf Technol, 1:266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-020-00222-6.

78. An J, Teoh JE, Suntornnond R, et al., 2015, Design and 3D Printing of Scaffolds and Tissues. Engineering, 1:261–8. https://doi.org/10.15302/J-ENG-2015061.

79. Krishna BV, Xue W, Bose S, et al., 2008, Engineered Porous Metals for Implants. JOM, 60: 45–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-008-0059-2.

80. Yang J, Gu D, Lin K, et al., 2020, Laser 3D Printed Bioinspired Impact Resistant Structure: Failure Mechanism under Compressive Loading. Virtual Phys Prototyp, 15:75–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2019.1677124.

81. du Plessis A, Razavi SM, Berto F, 2020, The Effects of Microporosity in Struts of Gyroid Lattice Structures Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion. Mater Des, 194:108899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108899.

82. Meng L, Zhao J, Lan X, et al., 2020, Multi-objective Optimisation of Bio-inspired Lightweight Sandwich Structures Based on Selective Laser Melting. Virtual Phys Prototyp, 15:106–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2019.1692673.

83. Matena J, Petersen S, Gieseke M, et al., 2015, SLM Produced Porous Titanium Implant Improvements for Enhanced Vascularization and Osteoblast Seeding. Int J Mol Sci, 16:7478–92. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16047478.

84. Van Cleynenbreugel T, Schrooten J, Van Oosterwyck H, et al., 2006, Micro-CT-based Screening of Biomechanical and Structural Properties of Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. Med Biol Eng Comput, 44:517–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-006-0071-z.

85. Wang P, Li X, Jiang Y, et al., 2020, Electron Beam Melted Heterogeneously Porous Microlattices for Metallic Bone Applications: Design and Investigations of Boundary and Edge Effects. Addit Manuf, 36:101566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101566.

86. Cheng A, Humayun A, Cohen DJ, et al., 2014, Additively Manufactured 3D Porous Ti-6Al-4V Constructs Mimic Trabecular Bone Structure and Regulate Osteoblast Proliferation, Differentiation and Local Factor Production in a Porosity and Surface Roughness Dependent Manner. Biofabrication, 6:045007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/6/4/045007.

87. Markhoff J, Wieding J, Weissmann V, et al., 2015, Influence of Different Three-Dimensional Open Porous Titanium Scaffold Designs on Human Osteoblasts Behavior in Static and Dynamic Cell Investigations. Materials (Basel), 8:5490–507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8085259.

88. Wang P, Li X, Luo S, et al., 2021, Additively Manufactured Heterogeneously Porous Metallic Bone with Biostructural Functions and Bone-like Mechanical Properties. J Mater Sci Technol, 62:173–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.05.056.

89. Xue W, Krishna BV, Bandyopadhyay A, et al., 2007, Processing and Biocompatibility Evaluation of Laser Processed Porous Titanium. Acta Biomater, 3:1007–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2007.05.009.

90. Balla VK, Bodhak S, Bose S, et al., 2010, Porous Tantalum Structures for Bone Implants: Fabrication, Mechanical and In Vitro Biological Properties. Acta Biomater, 6:3349–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2010.01.046.

91. Jeon H, Lee H, Kim G, 2014, A Surface-Modified Poly(ɛcaprolactone) Scaffold Comprising Variable Nanosized Surface-Roughness Using a Plasma Treatment. Tissue Eng Part C Methods, 20:951–63. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0701.

92. Lv J, Jia Z, Li J, et al., 2015, Electron Beam Melting Fabrication of Porous Ti6Al4V Scaffolds: Cytocompatibility and Osteogenesis. Adv Eng Mater, 17:1391–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201400508.

93. Biemond JE, Aquarius R, Verdonschot N, et al., 2011, Frictional and Bone Ingrowth Properties of Engineered Surface Topographies Produced by Electron Beam  Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 131:711–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-010-1218-9.

94. Otsuki B, Takemoto M, Fujibayashi S, et al., 2006, Pore Throat Size and Connectivity Determine Bone and Tissue Ingrowth into Porous Implants: Three-dimensional Micro-CT Based Structural Analyses of Porous Bioactive Titanium Implants. Biomaterials, 27:5892–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.08.013.

95. Rumpler M, Woesz A, Dunlop JW, et al., 2008, The Effect of Geometry on Three-dimensional Tissue Growth. J R Soc Interface, 5:1173–80. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2008.0064.

96. Marin E, Fusi S, Pressacco M, et al., 2010, Characterization of Cellular Solids in Ti6Al4V for Orthopaedic Implant Applications: Trabecular Titanium. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 3:373–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2010.02.001.

97. Parthasarathy J, Starly B, Raman S, et al., 2010, Mechanical Evaluation of Porous Titanium (Ti6Al4V) Structures with Electron Beam Melting (EBM). J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 3:249–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2009.10.006.

98. Li X, Tan YH, Wang P, et al., 2020, Metallic Microlattice and Epoxy Interpenetrating Phase Composites: Experimental and Simulation Studies on Superior Mechanical Properties and their Mechanisms. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf, 135:105934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.105934.

99. Nazir A, Abate KM, Kumar A, et al., 2019, A State-of-the art Review on Types, Design, Optimization, and Additive Manufacturing of Cellular Structures. Int J Adv Manuf Technol, 104:3489–510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04085-3.

100. Parthasarathy J, Starly B, Raman S, 2011, A Design for the Additive Manufacture of Functionally Graded Porous Structures with Tailored Mechanical Properties for Biomedical Applications. J Manuf Process, 13:160–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2011.01.004.

101. Gibson LJ, Ashby MF, 1999, Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139878326.

102. Fantini M, Curto M, De Crescenzio F, 2017, TPMS for Interactive Modelling of Trabecular Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering BT Advances on Mechanics, Design Engineering and Manufacturing: Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Mechanics, Design Engineering and Advanced Manufactur. In: Eynard B, Nigrelli V, Oliveri SM, Peris-Fajarnes G, Rizzuti S, editors. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 425–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45781-9_43.

103. Attarilar S, Salehi MT, Al-Fadhalah KJ, et al., 2019, Functionally Graded Titanium Implants: Characteristic Enhancement Induced by Combined Severe Plastic Deformation. PLoS One, 14:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221491.

104. Roach P, Eglin D, Rohde K, et al., 2007, Modern Biomaterials: A Review Bulk Properties and Implications of Surface Modifications. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 18:1263–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-006-0064-3.

105. Triyono J, Alfiansyah R, Sukanto H, et al., 2020, Fabrication and Characterization of Porous Bone Scaffold of Bovine Hydroxyapatite-glycerin by 3D Printing Technology. Bioprinting, 18:e00078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bprint.2020.e00078.

106. Wang Q, Zhou P, Liu S, et al., 2020, Multi-Scale Surface Treatments of Titanium Implants for Rapid Osseointegration: A Review. Nanomaterials, 10:1244. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10061244.

107. Wang P, Todai M, Nakano T, 2019, Beta titanium Single Crystal with Bone-like Elastic Modulus and Large Crystallographic Elastic Anisotropy. J Alloys Compd, 782:667–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.12.236.

108. Wang P, Wu L, Feng Y, et al., 2017, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Newly Developed Low Young’s Modulus Ti-15Zr-5Cr-2Al Biomedical Alloy. Mater Sci Eng C, 72:536–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.11.101.

109. Attarilar S, Yang J, Ebrahimi M, et al., 2020, The Toxicity Phenomenon and the Related Occurrence in Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: A Brief Review From the Biomedical Perspective. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 8:822. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00822.

110. Niinomi M, Nakai M, 2011, Titanium-Based Biomaterials for Preventing Stress Shielding between Implant Devices and Bone. Int J Biomater, 2011:836587. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/836587.

111. Gode C, Attarilar S, Eghbali B, et al., 2015, Electrochemical Behavior of Equal Channel Angular Pressed Titanium for Biomedical Application. AIP Conference Proceedings, United States. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4914232.

112. Attarilar S, Djavanroodi F, Irfan OM, et al., 2020, Strain Uniformity Footprint on Mechanical Performance and Erosion-corrosion Behavior of Equal Channel Angular Pressed Pure Titanium. Results Phys, 17:103141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2020.103141.

113. Taniguchi N, Fujibayashi S, Takemoto M, et al., 2016, Effect of Pore Size on Bone Ingrowth into Porous Titanium Implants Fabricated by Additive Manufacturing: An In Vivo Experiment. Mater Sci Eng C, 59:690–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.10.069.

114. Li X, Ma XY, Feng YF, et al., 2015, A Novel Composite Scaffold Consisted of Porous Titanium and Chitosan Sponge for Load-bearing Applications: Fabrication, Characterization and Cellular Activity. Compos Sci Technol, 117:78–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2015.05.019.

115. Zhang C, Zhang L, Liu L, et al., 2020, Mechanical Behavior of a Titanium Alloy Scaffold Mimicking Trabecular Structure. J Orthop Surg Res, 15:40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-019-1489-y.

116. McGilvray KC, Easley J, Seim HB, et al., 2018, Bony Ingrowth Potential of 3D-Printed Porous Titanium Alloy: A Direct Comparison of Interbody Cage Materials in an In Vivo Ovine Lumbar Fusion Model. Spine J, 18:1250–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2018.02.018.

117. Song P, Hu C, Pei X, et al., 2019, Dual Modulation of Crystallinity and Macro-/Microstructures of 3D Printed Porous Titanium Implants to Enhance Stability and Osseointegration. J Mater Chem B, 7:2865–77. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TB00093C.

118. Bose S, Banerjee D, Shivaram A, et al., 2018, Calcium Phosphate Coated 3D Printed Porous Titanium with Nanoscale Surface Modification for Orthopedic and Dental Applications. Mater Des, 2018: S0264127518303198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.04.049.

119. Ran Q, Yang W, Hu Y, et al., 2018, Osteogenesis of 3D Printed Porous Ti6Al4V Implants with Different Pore Sizes. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 84:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.04.010.

120. Liu F, Mao Z, Zhang P, et al., 2018, Functionally Graded Porous Scaffolds in Multiple Patterns: New Design Method, Physical and Mechanical Properties. Mater Des, 160:849–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.09.053.

121. Bobbert FS, Lietaert K, Eftekhari AA, et al., 2017, Additively Manufactured Metallic Porous Biomaterials Based on Minimal Surfaces: A Unique Combination of Topological, Mechanical, and Mass Transport Properties. Acta Biomater, 53:572–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2017.02.024.

122. Wally ZJ, Haque AM, Feteira A, et al., 2019, Selective Laser Melting Processed Ti6Al4V Lattices with Graded Porosities for Dental Applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 90:20–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.08.047.

123. Nune KC, Kumar A, Misra RD, et al., 2017, Functional Response of Osteoblasts in Functionally Gradient Titanium Alloy Mesh Arrays Processed by 3D Additive Manufacturing. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 150:78–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.09.050.

124. Liang H, Yang Y, Xie D, et al., 2019, Trabecular-like Ti-6Al-4V Scaffolds for Orthopedic: Fabrication by Selective Laser Melting and In Vitro Biocompatibility. J Mater Sci Technol, 35:1284–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2019.01.012.

125. Wang S, Liu L, Li K, et al., 2019, Pore Functionally Graded Ti6Al4V Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Application. Mater Des, 168:107643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107643.

126. Yosra K, 2018, EIT Emerging Implant Technology Granted FDA Multilevel Approval for their 3D Printed Cervical Cage, SPINE Market Group. Available from: https://3dadept.com/eit-emerging-implant-technology-granted-fda-multilevelapproval-for-their-3d-printed-cervical-cage/. [Last accessed on 2020 Nov 30].

127. Martial Y, 2019, Nexxt Spine creates 3D Printed Porous Titanium Interbodies Using GE Additive’s Mlab Printer. Available from: https://3dadept.com/nexxt-spine-creates-3d-printed-porous-titanium-interbodies-using-ge-additivesmlab-printer/. [Last accessed on 2020 Nov 30].

128. Semba JA, Mieloch AA, Rybka JD, 2020, Introduction to the State-of-the-art 3D Bioprinting Methods, Design, and Applications in Orthopedics. Bioprinting, 18:e00070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bprint.2019.e00070.

129. Shah FA, Omar O, Suska F, et al., 2016, Long-term Osseointegration of 3D Printed CoCr Constructs with an Interconnected Open-pore Architecture Prepared by Electron Beam Melting. Acta Biomater, 36:296–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.03.033.

130. Limmahakhun S, Oloyede A, Sitthiseripratip K, et al., 2017, Stiffness and Strength Tailoring of Cobalt Chromium Graded Cellular Structures for Stress-shielding Reduction. Mater Des, 114:633–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.11.090.

131. Black J, 1994, Biologic Performance of Tantalum. Clin Mater, 16:167–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/0267-6605(94)90113-9.

132. Levine BR, Sporer S, Poggie RA, et al., 2006, Experimental and Clinical Performance of Porous Tantalum in Orthopedic Surgery. Biomaterials, 27:4671–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.04.041.

133. Saunders S, 2017, Chinese Hospital Uses 3D Printed Tantalum Implant in Successful Knee Replacement Surgery. Available from: https://3dprint.com/195286/3d-printed-tantalum-kneeimplant/. [Last accessed on 2020 Nov 30].

134. Wever D, Elstrodt J, Veldhuizen A, et al., 2002, Scoliosis Correction with Shape-memory Metal: Results of an Experimental Study. Eur Spine J, 11:100–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005860100347.

135. Wang Y, Zheng G, Zhang X, et al., 2011, Temporary Use of Shape Memory Spinal Rod in the Treatment of Scoliosis. Eur Spine J, 20:118–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-010-1514-7.

136. Márquez JM, Pérez-Grueso, Fernández-Baíllo N, et al., 2012, Gradual Scoliosis Correction Over Time with Shape-memory Metal: A Preliminary Report of an Experimental Study. Scoliosis, 7:20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-7161-7-20.

137. Dadbakhsh S, Speirs M, Van Humbeeck J, et al., 2016, Laser Additive Manufacturing of Bulk and Porous Shape-memory NiTi Alloys: From Processes to Potential Biomedical Applications. MRS Bull, 41:765–74. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2016.209.

138. Liu Y, Xie ZL, Van Humbeec J, et al., 1999, Effect of Texture Orientation on the Martensite Deformation of NiTi Shape Memory Alloy Sheet. Acta Mater, 47:645–60.

139. Motemani Y, Nili-Ahmadabadi M, Tan MJ, et al., 2009, Effect of Cooling Rate on the Phase Transformation Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Ni-rich NiTi Shape Memory Alloy. J Alloys Compd, 469:164–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.01.153.

140. Dadbakhsh S, Speirs M, Kruth JP, et al., 2014, Effect of SLM Parameters on Transformation Temperatures of Shape Memory Nickel Titanium Parts. Adv Eng Mater, 16:1140–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201300558.

141. Bormann T, Schumacher R, Müller B, et al., 2012. Tailoring Selective Laser Melting Process Parameters for NiTi Implants. J Mater Eng Perform, 21:2519–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-012-0318-9.

142. Figueira N, Silva TM, Carmezim MJ, et al., 2009, Corrosion Behaviour of NiTi Alloy. Electrochim Acta, 54:921–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.08.001.

143. Muhonen V, Heikkinen R, Danilov A, et al., 2007, The Effect of Oxide Thickness on Osteoblast Attachment and Survival on NiTi Alloy. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 18:959–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-006-0082-1.

144. Cui ZD, Man HC, Yang XJ, 2005, The Corrosion and Nickel Release Behavior of Laser Surface-melted NiTi Shape Memory Alloy in Hanks’ Solution. Surf Coatings Technol, 192:347–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.06.033.

145. Chan CW, Hussain I, Waugh DG, et al., 2014, Effect of Laser Treatment on the Attachment and Viability of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Responses on Shape Memory NiTi Alloy. Mater Sci Eng C, 42:254–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.05.022.

146. Habijan T, Haberland C, Meier H, et al., 2013, The Biocompatibility of Dense and Porous Nickel-Titanium Produced by Selective Laser Melting. Mater Sci Eng C, 33:419–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2012.09.008.

147. Strauß S, Dudziak S, Hagemann R, et al., 2012, Induction of Osteogenic Differentiation of Adipose Derived Stem Cells by Microstructured Nitinol Actuator-Mediated Mechanical Stress. PLoS One, 7:e51264. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051264.

148. Liu S, Liu J, Wang L, et al., 2020, Superelastic Behavior of In-Situ Eutectic-Reaction Manufactured High Strength 3D Porous NiTi-Nb Scaffold. Sci Mater, 181:121–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.02.025.

149. Hafeez N, Liu J, Wang L, et al., 2020, Superelastic Response of Low-modulus Porous Beta-type Ti-35Nb-2Ta-3Zr Alloy Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion. Addit Manuf, 34:101264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101264.

150. Putters JL, Sukul K, de Zeeuw GR, et al., 1992, Comparative Cell Culture Effects of Shape Memory Metal (Nitinol), Nickel and Titanium: A Biocompatibility Estimation. Eur Surg Res, 24:378–82. https://doi.org/10.1159/000129231.

151. Sing SL, An J, Yeong WY, et al., 2016, Laser and Electron beam Powder-bed Additive Manufacturing of Metallic Implants: A Review on Processes, Materials and Designs. J Orthop Res, 34:369–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.23075.

Share
Back to top
International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.
Read more about our cookies here
Accept