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REVIEW ARTICLE

The importance of phylogenetic studies in the evolution of beta-lactamases: Tracing antimicrobial resistance in priority pathogens

Ananya Anurag Anand1 ,  Vidushi Yadav1 ,  Sarfraz Anwar1 ,  K. Kshitiz1 ,  P. C. Sreedevi1 ,  Sintu Kumar Samanta1*
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1 Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
GPD, 8278 https://doi.org/10.36922/gpd.8278
Received: 28 December 2024 | Revised: 26 March 2025 | Accepted: 31 March 2025 | Published online: 18 April 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Beta-lactams have long been the standard therapeutic strategy for combating bacterial infections. However, the increasing resistance to these antibiotics has become a growing concern. One of the primary contributors to bacterial resistance is the production of beta-lactamases (BLs), enzymes capable of hydrolyzing the beta-lactam ring of these antibiotics, rendering them ineffective. In response, several alternative therapeutic strategies have been tested, but their success rate has been limited, highlighting the need for further research in this domain. Thus, it is crucial to study the evolution of BLs and their variants, as well as their transmission dynamics. In addition, cryptic genetic variations (CGVs), which act as hidden reservoirs of potential future phenotypes of BLs, have received insufficient attention. Identifying CGVs could help pinpoint selective pressures to avoid to prevent the evolution of BLs. Unlike conventional reviews that focus on classes of BLs or their resistance mechanisms, this article emphasizes the evolutionary perspectives of BLs. We explore the role of phylogenetic analysis in understanding the rise of different BL variants and their evolution in response to different selective pressures and gene transfer events. Most importantly, this review underscores the evolution of BLs, particularly in the context of the priority pathogens listed by the World Health Organization.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Phylogenetic analysis
Evolution
Antimicrobial resistance
Beta-lactamases
Cryptic genetic variations
Priority pathogen
World Health Organization
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
Sintu Kumar Samanta is an Editorial Board Member of this journal but was not involved in the editorial or peer-review process for this paper, either directly or indirectly. Separately, the other authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.
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Gene & Protein in Disease, Electronic ISSN: 2811-003X Published by AccScience Publishing
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