AccScience Publishing / GPD / Volume 5 / Issue 3 / DOI: 10.36922/GPD026010001
Submit to GPD
Cite this article
3
Download
163
Views
Related Info Links
Google Scholar
More by Authors Links
Jeewanjot Singh
Journal Browser
Volume | Year
Issue
Search
News and Announcements
View All
REVIEW ARTICLE

Anti-diabetic effect in patients with hypertension and liver disease: An integrated therapeutic perspective

Jeewanjot Singh1* ,  Prabhjot Singh1 ,  Subhi Sharma1
Show Less
1 Deshbhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab , India
GPD 2026, 5(3), 026010001 https://doi.org/10.36922/GPD026010001
Received: 12 January 2026 | Revised: 25 August 2026 | Accepted: 4 September 2026 | Published online: 14 September 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
Download PDF
XML
Cite
Abstract

Comorbidity, defined as the coexistence of multiple chronic diseases, has become a major concern in global healthcare. Among the clinically significant comorbid conditions, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and liver disease, particularly non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), represent a complex and interrelated pathological triad. These disorders share common etiological factors and contribute substantially to the increasing burden on healthcare systems worldwide. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) continues to rise globally, with insulin resistance being a major underlying mechanism contributing to metabolic abnormalities and disease progression. Hypertension is one of the most common complications associated with diabetes and significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular events, renal impairment, and premature mortality. Similarly, NAFLD is highly prevalent among individuals with T2DM and may progress from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver failure. The coexistence of these metabolic disorders further increases morbidity and complicates therapeutic management. This review aims to provide an integrated overview of the pathophysiological association between diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and liver disease, with emphasis on shared mechanisms including insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic dysfunction. Additionally, this article discusses current anti-diabetic therapeutic strategies, their cardiovascular and hepatic benefits, clinical evidence, treatment challenges, and future perspectives for improving outcomes in patients with these comorbid conditions. Overall, early preventive interventions involving lifestyle modification, weight management, and appropriate pharmacological approaches are essential for reducing disease progression and improving long-term clinical outcomes. A personalized and multidisciplinary treatment strategy may provide better therapeutic benefits in individuals affected by this complex metabolic disease combination.

Keywords
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
Liver disease
Anti-diabetic drugs
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Pharmacotherapy
Cardiovascular risk
Hepatotoxicity
Funding
No external funding was received for the preparation of this review article. The work was carried out through self-support and institutional resources.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this review article. All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
References
  1. Bodke H, Wagh V, Kakar G. Diabetes Mellitus and Prevalence of Other Comorbid Conditions: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2023. doi: 10.7759/cureus.49374
  2. Michalopoulou E, Thymis J, Lampsas S, et al. The Triad of Risk: Linking MASLD, Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes; From Pathophysiology to Treatment. J Clin Med. 2025;14:428. doi: 10.3390/jcm14020428
  3. Zhou M-S, Wang A, Yu H. Link between insulin resistance and hypertension: What is the evidence from evolutionary biology? Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2014;6:12. doi: 10.1186/1758-5996-6-12
  4. Xin Y, Yuan Z, Wang J, Li S. Complex Interplay Between Estrogen and Aging via Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation Forms the Novel Treatment Strategies for Atherosclerosis. FASEB J. 2025;39:e70877. doi: 10.1096/fj.202500244RRR
  5. Chakrabarti SK, Chattopadhyay D. The Link Between Immune Aging and Type 2 Diabetes: A Review of Mechanisms and Implications. Explor Res Hypothesis Med. 2025;10(3):185-204. doi: 10.14218/ERHM.2025.00018
  6. Roy A, Kulkarni AV. Ascites in patients with end-stage renal disease: Challenges and solutions from diagnosis to management. Hepatol Commun. 2025;9(4). doi: 10.1097/HC9.0000000000000687
  7. Chou P, Shannar A, Pan Y, Dave PD, Xu J, Kong A-NT. Application of Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Model in Drug Development and in Dietary Phytochemicals. Curr Pharmacol Rep. 2025;11:45. doi: 10.1007/s40495-025-00427-w
  8. Akpanke UD, Samuel HS, Ibekwe FA, Akinpelu OO, Onotu OP, Etim EE. Novel Therapeutic Approaches, Emerging Treatment, and Pharmaceutical Drugs for the Diabetes Management. J Phytomedicine Ther. 2025;24. doi: 10.4314/jopat.v24i1.30
  9. Wang Y, Wu H, Yang J, et al. Comparative effectiveness and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors vs glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol. 2025;16:1486655. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1486655
  10. Dahiya R, Kaur P, Vishwakarma VK, Singh A, Goyal RK. Herbal Insights: Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Indian Dietary Herbs in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Management. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2025;21(10):e15733998315714. doi: 10.2174/0115733998315714240801193254
  11. Cao X, Wang N, Yang M, Zhang C. Lipid Accumulation and Insulin Resistance: Bridging Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(14):6962. doi: 10.3390/ijms26146962
  12. Zatterale F, Longo M, Naderi J, et al. Chronic Adipose Tissue Inflammation Linking Obesity to Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes. Front Physiol. 2020;10:1607. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01607
  13. Ashraf FUN, Ghouri K, Someshwar F, et al. Insulin Resistance and Coronary Artery Disease: Untangling the Web of Endocrine-Cardiac Connections. Cureus. 2023. doi: 10.7759/cureus.51066
  14. Campo JAD, Gallego P, Grande L. Role of inflammatory response in liver diseases: Therapeutic strategies. World J Hepatol. 2018;10(1):1-7. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v10.i1.1
  15. Humphrey JD. Mechanisms of Vascular Remodeling in Hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2021;34(5):43-41. doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa195
  16. Pouvreau C, Dayre A, Butkowski E, De Jong B, Jelinek HF. Inflammation and oxidative stress markers in diabetes and hypertension. J Inflamm Res. 2018;11:61-68. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S148911
  17. Hammerich L, Tacke F. Hepatic inflammatory responses in liver fibrosis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;20:633-646. doi: 10.1038/s41575-023-00807-x
  18. Quagliariello V, Berretta M, Bisceglia I, et al. In the Era of Cardiovascular–Kidney–Metabolic Syndrome in Cardio-Oncology: From Pathogenesis to Prevention and Therapy. Cancers. 2025;17(7):1169. doi: 10.3390/cancers17071169
  19. Salvatore T, Pafundi PC, Galiero R, et al. The Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: The Contributing Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Front Med. 2021;8:695792. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.695792
  20. Wang F, Yuan Q, Cao S, et al. Inhibition of Nitrosative Stress Attenuates Myocardial Injury and Improves Outcomes after Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation. Shock. 2022;57(6):299-307. doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000001939
  21. Sharma A, Jyoti A, Rasane P, Singh J. Protecting vascular health: the role of flavonoids during pregnancy complications in mitigating the risk of vascular dementia later in life. Inflammopharmacology. 2025;33(6):2919-2934. doi: 10.1007/s10787-025-01788-w
  22. Rahimian G, Heidari-Soureshjani S, Kasiri K. The Biological Effects and Mechanisms of Fisetin on Hepatotoxicity, Liver Injury and Liver Fibrosis: A Systematic Review. Nat Prod J. 2025;15(8):e22103155333233. doi: 10.2174/0122103155333233240906193500
  23. Caturano A, Rocco M, Tagliaferri G, et al. Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes: From Pathophysiology to Lifestyle Modifications. Antioxidants. 2025;14(1):72. doi: 10.3390/antiox14010072
  24. Bansal N, Kathuria D, Babu AM, et al. A perspective on small molecules targeting the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and their utility in cardiovascular diseases: exploring the structural insights for rational drug discovery and development. RSC Med Chem. 2025;16(4):1550-1583. doi: 10.1039/D4MD00720D
  25. Muir RQ, Xu J, Medcalf AD, Pluznick JL. Novel Advances in Our Understanding of Sex-Dependent Control of Blood Pressure. Annu Rev Physiol. 2025; 88(1):321-343. doi: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-050724-022450
  26. Cui X, Sun Q, Wang H. Targeting fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21: a promising strategy for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease treatment. Front Pharmacol. 2025;16:1510322. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1510322
  27. Natesan V, Kim S-J. Lipid Metabolism, Disorders and Therapeutic Drugs - Review. Biomol Ther. 2021;29(6):596-604. doi: 10.4062/biomolther.2021.122
  28. Misceo D, Mocciaro G, D’Amore S, Vacca M. Diverting hepatic lipid fluxes with lifestyles revision and pharmacological interventions as a strategy to tackle steatotic liver disease (SLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nutr Metab. 2024;21(1):112. doi: 10.1186/s12986-024-00871-3
  29. Ugwueze CV. Attenuation of Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus: An Integral Characteristic of Anti-Diabetic Medications. J Diabetol. 2025;16(1):1-13. doi: 10.4103/jod.jod_101_24
  30. Zhang S-Y, Yang Y-H, Wen R, Yang N, Feng S-S, Zhang T-N. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying cardiovascular aging. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2025;30(1):125. doi: 10.1186/s11658-025-00803-w
  31. Shetty S, Suvarna R, Ambrose Fistus V, Modi S, Pappachan JM. Cardiovascular implications of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis. World J Hepatol. 2025;17. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v17.i5.105706
  32. Kobayashi Y, Iwadare T, Kobayashi H, et al. Successful portosystemic shunt embolization resolves hepatic encephalopathy and enhances hepatic function and glycemic control in MASH-related cirrhosis: a case report. Clin J Gastroenterol. 2025;18:137-144. doi: 10.1007/s12328-024-02074-y
  33. Cesar T, Oliveira MR, Sandrim V, et al. Citrus flavonoid supplement enhances glycemic and metabolic control in prediabetic patients on metformin: a randomized controlled trial. Front Nutr. 2025;12:1639901. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1639901
  34. Nashar K, Khalil P. Clinical Evaluation of Dapagliflozin in the Management of CKD: Focus on Patient Selection and Clinical Perspectives. Int J Nephrol Renov Dis. 2022;15:289-308. doi: 10.2147/IJNRD.S234282
  35. Bhat A. Systematic review: Preventive and therapeutic applications of metformin in liver disease. World J Hepatol. 2015;7(12):1652. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i12.1652
  36. Koufakis T, Vlahakos D, Vlachopoulos C, et al. Definition, Classification, Diagnosis, and Management of an Emerging Threat: Cardio-Renal-Metabolic Syndrome. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2025;26(1):11-19. doi: 10.1007/s40256-025-00761-w
  37. Zhou Z, Jin R, Gu Y, Ji Y, Lou Y, Wu J. Therapeutic Targeting of PPARγ in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Efficacy, Safety, and Drug Development. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2025;19:7293-7319. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S524893
  38. Ansar F, Azzam A, Zafar U, et al. Empagliflozin and Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials in Populations With Diabetes and Heart Failure. Cureus. 2025. doi: 10.7759/cureus.90150
  39. Bae JH. SGLT2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Evolving Evidence and Clinical Application. Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49:386-402. doi: 10.4093/dmj.2025.0220
  40. Górriz JL, Soler MJ, Navarro-González JF, et al. GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Call of Attention to Nephrologists. J Clin Med. 2020;9(4):947. doi: 10.3390/jcm9040947
  41. Jalleh RJ, Plummer MP, Marathe CS, et al. Clinical Consequences of Delayed Gastric Emptying With GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Tirzepatide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024;110(1):1-15. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgae719
  42. Tadic M, Cuspidi C. Antihypertensive Effect of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists. Cardiol Discov. 2024;4(1):38-42. doi: 10.1097/CD9.0000000000000114
  43. Balfour PC, Rodriguez CJ, Ferdinand KC. Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Effects of New and Emerging Antidiabetic Agents. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2014;16(8):455. doi: 10.1007/s11906-014-0455-7
  44. Kurkin DV, Bakulin DA, Morkovin EI, et al. Physiology and pharmacology of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor. Pharm Pharmacol. 2024;11(4):347-380. doi: 10.19163/2307-9266-2023-11-4-347-380
  45. Tseng P-T, Zeng B-Y, Hsu C-W, et al. The pharmacodynamics-based prophylactic benefits of GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors on neurodegenerative diseases: evidence from a network meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2025;23(1):197. doi: 10.1186/s12916-025-04018-w
  46. Tang H, Zhou T, Zhang B, et al. GLP-1 Receptor Agonists vs SGLT2 Inhibitors in Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction. Can J Cardiol. 2025;41(11):2202-2204. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2025.08.359
  47. Amini-Salehi E, Hasanpour M, Alotaibi A, et al. Global research trends on DPP-4 inhibitors and cardiovascular outcomes: a comprehensive bibliometric analysis. Ann Med Surg. 2025;87(4):2133-2148. doi: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000003089
  48. Hall GL, Powell-Roach K. A Precision Medicine Approach to Laboratory Results and Hematological Disorders in African Americans. In: Precision Medicine for African Americans. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2025:181-217. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-95774-1_10
  49. Noh SW, Ryu HS, Kim Y-H, Oh B-C. SGLT2 Inhibitors as Systemic Metabolic Modulators: Linking Glucose Excretion to Liver Function Restoration. Endocrinol Metab. 2025;40(6):851-865. doi: 10.3803/EnM.2025.2786
  50. Chew NWS, Mehta A, Goh RSJ, et al. Cardiovascular-Liver-Metabolic Health: Recommendations in Screening, Diagnosis, and Management of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Cardiovascular Disease via Modified Delphi Approach. Circulation. 2025;151(1):98-119. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.070535
  51. Sannidhi D, Abeles R, Andrew W, et al. Lifestyle Medicine for Obesity in the Era of Highly Effective Anti-Obesity Treatment. Nutrients. 2025;17(14):2382. doi: 10.3390/nu17142382
  52. Abaalkhail F, Sanai FM, AlSwat K, et al. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease management in Saudi Arabia: A modified Delphi-based adaptation of international standards. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2025;32(2):104-120. doi: 10.4103/sjg.sjg_199_25
  53. Ndakotsu A, Nduka TC, Agrawal S, Asuka E. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy: comprehensive insights into pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Heart Fail Rev. 2025;30(4):739-748. doi: 10.1007/s10741-025-10500-7
  54. Park Y, Ko KS, Rhee BD. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Management in the Community. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(6):2758. doi: 10.3390/ijms26062758
  55. Zafer M, Tavaglione F, Romero‐Gómez M, Loomba R. Review Article: GLP ‐1 Receptor Agonists and Glucagon/ GIP / GLP ‐1 Receptor Dual or Triple Agonists—Mechanism of Action and Emerging Therapeutic Landscape in MASLD. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2025;61(12):1872-1888. doi: 10.1111/apt.70196
  56. Khare T, Liu K, Chilambe LO, Khare S. NAFLD and NAFLD Related HCC: Emerging Treatments and Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(1):306. doi: 10.3390/ijms26010306
  57. Dong C, Malliaras GG. Recent Advances in Stimuli‐Responsive Materials and Soft Robotic Actuators for Bioelectronic Medicine. Adv Mater. 2025;37(27):2417325. doi: 10.1002/adma.202417325
  58. Edirisinghe O, Ternier G, Kumar TKS. Pathology and Therapeutic Significance of Fibroblast Growth Factors. Targets. 2025;3(1):5. doi: 10.3390/targets3010005
  59. Sartore G, Zagotto G, Ragazzi E. Beyond Green: The Therapeutic Potential of Chlorophyll and Its Derivatives in Diabetes Control. Nutrients. 2025;17(16):2653. doi: 10.3390/nu17162653
  60. Sokar SS, Abu-Risha SE, Alkabbani MA, Ramadan LA, Elsisi AE. Protective effects of melatonin and naringenin against acitretin induced hepatotoxicity via modulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):31629. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16740-9
  61. Guo H, Pan L, Wu Q, et al. Type 2 Diabetes and the Multifaceted Gut-X Axes. Nutrients. 2025;17(16):2708. doi: 10.3390/nu17162708
  62. Aiello G, Yalçıntaş YM, Campaci D, et al. The multifunctional role of bovine colostrum in managing diabetes: clinical insights and potential therapeutic effects. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2025;24(2):179. doi: 10.1007/s40200-025-01683-9
  63. Parker J, Briden L, Gersh FL. Recognizing the Role of Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Paradigm Shift from a Glucose-Centric Approach to an Insulin-Centric Model. J Clin Med. 2025;14(12):4021. doi: 10.3390/jcm14124021
  64. Hirayama K, Koshizaka M, Ishibashi R, et al. Effects of the SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin and metformin on hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis: Sub‐analysis of a randomized controlled study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025;27(4):2059-2069. doi: 10.1111/dom.16198
  65. Wang Y, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Ni Y, Prud’homme GJ, Wang Q. Efficacy of GLP-1-based Therapies on Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatohepatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2025;110(10):2964-2979. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaf336
  66. Zisis M, Chondrogianni ME, Androutsakos T, et al. Linking Cardiovascular Disease and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): The Role of Cardiometabolic Drugs in MASLD Treatment. Biomolecules. 2025;15(3):324. doi: 10.3390/biom15030324
  67. Lee MMY, Petrie MC, McMurray JJV, Sattar N. How Do SGLT2 (Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2) Inhibitors and GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) Receptor Agonists Reduce Cardiovascular Outcomes?: Completed and Ongoing Mechanistic Trials. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020;40(3):506-522. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.311904
  68. Kongmalai T, Srinonprasert V, Anothaisintawee T, et al. New anti-diabetic agents for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Endocrinol. 2023;14:1182037. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1182037
  69. Chen Y, Xu Y, Ye C, et al. GLP-1 mimetics as a potential therapy for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2022;43(5):1156-1166. doi: 10.1038/s41401-021-00836-9
  70. Jangra A, Babu B, Divakar S, et al. An in-depth review of PPARγ modulators as anti-diabetes therapeutics. Drug Metab Rev. 2025;57(4):311-337. doi: 10.1080/03602532.2025.2508152
  71. Boulos M, Mousa RS, Jeries N, et al. Hidden in the Fat: Unpacking the Metabolic Tango Between Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(7):3448. doi: 10.3390/ijms26073448
  72. Pieralice S, Amendolara R, Berna V, et al. The Emerging Role of Anti-Hyperglycemic Agents for the Management of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2025;18:2477-2491. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S528569
  73. Sheikh-Taha M, Asmar M. Polypharmacy and severe potential drug-drug interactions among older adults with cardiovascular disease in the United States. BMC Geriatr. 2021;21(1):233. doi: 10.1186/s12877-021-02183-0
  74. Sulashvili N, Nimangre RR. Manifestation of some aspects of cardiovascular diseases, implications, pharmacotherapeutic strategies, effects, impacts and potential hazards in general. Jr Res. 2025. doi: 10.52340/jr.2025.03.01.01
  75. Verbeeck RK. Pharmacokinetics and dosage adjustment in patients with hepatic dysfunction. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;64(12):1147-1161. doi: 10.1007/s00228-008-0553-z
  76. Giannakogeorgou A, Roden M, Pafili K. Diabetes mellitus as a multisystem disease: understanding subtypes, complications, and the link with steatotic liver diseases in humans. Hormones. 2026;25(1):61-80. doi: 10.1007/s42000-025-00701-y
  77. Garrison SR, Schweinert SA, Boyer MW, et al. Polypharmacy and pharmacogenomics in high-acuity behavioral health care for autism spectrum disorder: a retrospective study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2025;19(1):60. doi: 10.1186/s13034-025-00915-3
  78. Kaštelan S, Konjevoda S, Sarić A, et al. Resveratrol as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Diabetic Retinopathy: Molecular Mechanisms, Clinical Potential, and Future Challenges. Molecules. 2025;30(15):3262. doi: 10.3390/molecules30153262
  79. Al-Oudah GAA-O, Abbas SK, Saleh RH, et al. Pharmacogenomics in Personalized Oncology: From Biomarker Discovery to Clinical Implementation. Trends Pharm Biotechnol. 2025;3(1):79-93. doi: 10.57238/tpb.2025.153196.1030
  80. Chandra P, Ruhela M, Kumar P, et al. Nanotechnology-based Approaches for Targeted Drug Delivery to the Small Intestine: Advancements and Challenges. Curr Pharm Des. 2025;31(24):1939-1957. doi: 10.2174/0113816128347722250109042022
  81. Du X, Niu R, Liu X, et al. Nanomedicines in the Treatment of Liver Fibrosis: A Review. Int J Nanomed. 2025;20:9641-9665. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S524078
  82. Aristizábal-Colorado D, Corredor-Rengifo D, Sierra-Castillo S, et al. A decade of progress in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: advances in SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists – a comprehensive review. Front Endocrinol. 2025;16:1605746. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1605746
  83. Sharma M, Maurya NK. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms of bioactive oils in the pathophysiology of NAFLD. Int J Pharm Clin Res. 2025;7(2):01-04. doi: 10.33545/26647591.2025.v7.i2a.127
  84. Tiwari P. Recent Trends in Therapeutic Approaches for Diabetes Management: A Comprehensive Update. J Diabetes Res. 2015;2015:1-11. doi: 10.1155/2015/340838
  85. Jiao S, Li F, Zhang T, et al. Integrated multi-omics identifies dysregulated lipid metabolism of paresis in dairy sheep during the early transition period. Microbiol Spectr. 2025;13(11):e01544-25. doi: 10.1128/spectrum.01544-25
  86. Marques L, Costa B, Pereira M, et al. Advancing Precision Medicine: A Review of Innovative In Silico Approaches for Drug Development, Clinical Pharmacology and Personalized Healthcare. Pharmaceutics. 2024;16(3):332. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16030332
  87. Siqueira I, Jenkinson J, Briggs P, Picker H, Chen X, Abdelhafiz AH. De-escalation, palliation and end of life care in frail older people with diabetes-a critical review. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2025;20(6):593-605. doi: 10.1080/17446651.2025.2535668
Share
Back to top
Gene & Protein in Disease, Electronic ISSN: 2811-003X Published by AccScience Publishing
We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.
Read more about our cookies here
Accept