The climate change–noncommunicable disease nexus: Addressing the dual burden on global health
The convergence of climate change and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) forms a critical global health syndemic, disproportionately impacting low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and marginalized populations. NCDs—e.g., cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory conditions, and diabetes—cause over 70% of global deaths, with 78% of mortality and 85% of premature deaths in LMICs. Climate change exacerbates this burden through direct pathways, such as heatwaves, which trigger cardiovascular and renal events, and indirect pathways, including disrupted food systems that drive obesity and diabetes, and air pollution that worsens respiratory and cardiovascular health. Psychosocial stress from climate change-induced displacement and disasters further amplifies mental health disorders, interacting with NCD risk. Vulnerable groups, including migrants, indigenous communities, and the urban poor, face compounded risks due to fragile health systems and socio-economic inequities. Small Island Developing States and regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa exemplify these challenges, with rising NCD prevalence amid environmental stressors. Addressing this nexus demands integrated strategies: a strengthened health system, enhanced surveillance, equitable policies, and sustainable development.
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