Translational oncology is increasingly shaped by biomarkers that emerge from pathology: the integrated interpretation of morphology, immunophenotype, and molecular alterations within the spatial context of tissue. This Special Issue, Pathology-Driven Biomarkers in Translational Oncology, highlights how modern diagnostic pathology is evolving from descriptive classification to a quantitative, mechanism-informed discipline that directly enables precision treatment. We welcome contributions spanning discovery, validation, and clinical implementation of biomarkers derived from histopathology, cytology, immunohistochemistry, digital pathology, and multi-omics profiling. Particular emphasis is placed on biomarkers that inform patient stratification, predict response or resistance to targeted and immune therapies, refine prognostication, and support minimal and/or tissue-sparing workflows. The issue also explores emerging themes such as spatial biology, tumor microenvironment profiling, AI-assisted image analysis, and standardized reporting frameworks that enhance reproducibility and clinical utility. By bridging laboratory innovation with real-world diagnostic pipelines, this collection aims to showcase actionable pathology-led insights that improve therapeutic decision-making and ultimately patient outcomes across solid and hematologic malignancies.