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REVIEW ARTICLE

Long non-coding RNAs and drug resistance in breast cancer patients: A scoping review

Jacelyn Lee Sweet Yee1 ,  Uma Devi Palanisamy1 ,  Kasthuri Bai Magalingam1 ,  Reyhaneh Farghadani1 ,  Ammu Kutty Radhakrishnan1*
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1 Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
CP 2025, 7(3), 73–88; https://doi.org/10.36922/CP025160029
Received: 15 April 2025 | Revised: 22 August 2025 | Accepted: 17 September 2025 | Published online: 27 October 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent cancer among women. Despite improvements in the detection and treatment of BC, drug resistance is widespread, making it the leading cause of cancer mortality in women. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play essential roles in regulating drug resistance in pre-clinical models. However, their clinical relevance remains largely unexplored. This review addresses this gap by identifying and examining lncRNAs with potential predictive value as biomarkers for drug resistance in BC cancer patients. A systematic search (last updated February 7, 2024) was conducted across five databases (Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) for research articles in English, published after 2010, involving BC patients who underwent treatment. Following the selection and review process, 66 studies were short-listed, and 185 unique lncRNAs linked to drug resistance in BC patients were identified. Notably, only five lncRNAs (BCAR4, CCAT2, DSCAM-AS1, GAS5, and H19) were reported in at least two independent studies, indicating the scarcity of replicated evidence in clinical cohorts. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for these five lncRNAs confirmed that BCAR4, GAS5, and H19 expression levels have prognostic potential for predicting chemotherapy response. However, further validation is required before lncRNAs can be effectively utilized as prognostic markers in a clinical setting.

Keywords
Breast cancer
Long non-coding RNAs
Drug resistance
Biomarkers
Therapeutics
Funding
This study was supported by a research grant from the Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine, Monash University Malaysia (I-M010-STG-000195).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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