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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Ecotourism as a sustainable livelihood for fishermen: A systematic review of global fishing bans and implications for the Yangtze River Ten-Year Fishing Ban

Longhai Dai1,2 ,  Evelyn Lim Ai Lin1,3* ,  Diana Emang4 ,  Yi Fu5
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1 Department of Recreation and Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
2 Department of Hotel Management and Digital Operations, School of Tourism, Jiangxi Tourism & Commerce Vocational College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
3 Institute of Social Science Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
4 Department of Forestry Science and Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
5 Department of Tourism Management, School of Cultural Tourism and Geography, Guangdong University of Finance & Economics, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
AJWEP, 026170108 https://doi.org/10.36922/AJWEP026170108
Received: 20 April 2026 | Revised: 11 May 2026 | Accepted: 15 May 2026 | Published online: 4 June 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Fishing bans are increasingly used to restore aquatic biodiversity, yet they often impose substantial livelihood pressures on fishing-dependent communities. This study examines whether ecotourism can function as a sustainable alternative livelihood under different fishing restriction regimes and explores the implications for China’s Yangtze River Ten-Year Fishing Ban. Using a systematic literature review guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020, we synthesized peer-reviewed studies retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science, along with Chinese policy documents and China-focused academic evidence. After de-duplication, eligibility screening, and full-text review, 45 studies were included in the core synthesis. The findings show that ecological improvements are most consistent under strict and well-enforced protection regimes, especially in no-take areas, but outcomes remain context-specific. Ecotourism can provide supplementary income and strengthen conservation incentives, yet it rarely replaces fishing livelihoods on its own. Its effectiveness depends on ecological quality, market access, skills, start-up capital, and equitable benefit-sharing institutions. In some cases, poorly designed tourism transitions may even intensify overall fishing pressure. For the Yangtze River, ecotourism should therefore be treated not as a stand-alone substitute, but as part of a broader livelihood transition strategy embedded in compensation, vocational training, community-based benefit-sharing, and long-term ecological and social monitoring.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Fishing ban policy
Ecotourism
Alternative livelihoods
Yangtze River
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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