AccScience Publishing / AJWEP / Online First / DOI: 10.36922/ajwep.8523
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Variation in phytochemical and functional traits of Suaeda monoica across three sites in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Ameina S. Almoshadak*
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1 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
AJWEP, 8523 https://doi.org/10.36922/ajwep.8523
Received: 13 January 2025 | Revised: 25 February 2025 | Accepted: 28 February 2025 | Published online: 28 April 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

This study explores the intricate relationship between collection sites and the physiological responses of Suaeda monoica in Jeddah, focusing on photosynthetic pigment levels, osmomodulatory compounds, secondary metabolites, antioxidant potential, nutrient content, and heavy metal accumulation. Site (S)1 sample exhibited the highest chlorophylls a and b contents, whereas the S3 sample showed superior carotenoid levels. Osmoregulatory compounds demonstrated significant site-specific variations, with the S3 sample displaying elevated soluble sugar levels and the S1 sample showing heightened levels of soluble proteins and free amino acids. Secondary metabolites, encompassing phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, exhibited distinct accumulation patterns in samples across sites, with phenols being the most prevalent. In addition, the site samples’ antioxidant potential (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl activity and total antioxidant capacity) varied significantly, with the S1 sample displaying notable antioxidant capacity. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of S. monoica leaf ethanolic extracts revealed significant qualitative and quantitative variances linked to the collection sites, revealing a rich diversity of chemical classes. Site-specific phytoconstituents, such as palmitic and nonanoic acids, and unique compounds, such as 2-thiazolamine, characterized the compositions at different sites, suggesting an environmental influence on phytochemical profiles. Furthermore, nitrogen and phosphorus levels varied significantly across sites and plant organs, with the S1 sample showing elevated nitrogen content in roots and phosphorus content in leaves. Heavy metal accumulation varied markedly between soil, roots, and leaves, emphasizing the phytoremediation potential of S. monoica. Collectively, these results illustrated the versatility and phytoremediation potential of S. monoica with its growth habitat.

Keywords
Suaeda monoica
Halophytes
Secondary metabolites
Osmotic adjustment
Antioxidative potential
Phytochemical composition
Phytoremediation
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest.
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Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, Electronic ISSN: 1875-8568 Print ISSN: 0972-9860, Published by AccScience Publishing
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