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REVIEW ARTICLE

Synergistic engineering of organoids and organ-on-a-chip systems through microengineering and sensor integration for advanced biomedical research

Diantong Xie1,2† ,  Yixu Zhao1,2† ,  Yubing Leng2,3† ,  Xiaorui Li2,4†* ,  Hongxin Li2,3 ,  Hui Liu2,3 ,  Xudong Wang2,3 ,  Jingkai Liu2,3 ,  Yulong Liao2 ,  Tianyu Yang2 ,  Jie Liu2 ,  Yinuo Zhang2,3 ,  Fengde Peng2 ,  Ji Song2 ,  Zizheng Deng2 ,  Shiyao Chen2 ,  Kairui Sun5 ,  Yingran Liu5 ,  Keyi Chen6 ,  Jiashu Li2 ,  Yu Wang7* ,  Zhongze Gu8* ,  Fuyin Zheng2,3*
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1 School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing , China
2 Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing , China
3 Vita Tech Innovation Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Innovation and Translation for Active Implantable and Interventional Medical Devices, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing , China
4 Independent Cardiovascular Research Lab, Chinese Institutes for Medical Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing , China
5 School of Beijing, Beihang University, Beijing , China
6 School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing , China
7 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing , China
8 State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu , China
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
OR, 026020001 https://doi.org/10.36922/OR026020001
Received: 7 January 2026 | Revised: 9 September 2026 | Accepted: 10 September 2026 | Published online: 30 September 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Microphysiological systems, including organoids, organ-on-a-chip (OoC) platforms, and their integrated forms, are increasingly used to model human physiology in vitro. Organoids contribute self-organized cellular diversity and tissue architecture, whereas OoC platforms provide controlled geometry, perfusion, mechanical cues, and access to real-time measurements. Their integration into organoid-on-a-chip and multi-tissue systems can improve physiological relevance for efficacy evaluation, quality control, mechanistic studies, and personalized medicine. This review examines organoid generation, organ-specific OoC models, hybrid systems, 3D bioprinting, acoustic bioassembly, and sensor integration. It also discusses the principal barriers to translation, including scalability, reproducibility, standardization, and the responsible use of artificial intelligence and multi-omics data. Together, these advances position synergistically engineered microphysiological systems as promising translational tools, provided that performance is validated against standardized, reproducible, and clinically relevant benchmarks.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Synergistic engineering
Organoids
Organ-on-a-chip
3D bioprinting
Biosensors
Funding
F.Y. Zheng acknowledges support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2025YFF0511602), the Beijing Nova Program (20250484990), the Space Medical Experiment Project of CMSP (HYZHXMX01001), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Grants (No.82172110), the Beijing Natural Science Foundation-Haidian Original Innovation Joint Fund Project (No. L222143), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. JKF-20240772). X.R. Li acknowledges support from the NSFC Grants (No. 32301211). D.T. Xie and Y.X. Zhao acknowledge support from the National College Students’ Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan (NO. 202410006165, S202410006169).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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