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REVIEW ARTICLE

Bone marrow microenvironment and organ chips: Advances in tumor dormancy research

Renshan Li1 ,  Jiaqi Zhou2 ,  Man Shu2 ,  Guoqing Zhong2 ,  Jin Ke1* ,  Zhidao Xia3* ,  Xiongfa Ji2*
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1 Department of Orthopaedics, ZhuJiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
2 Department of Orthopaedics Oncology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
3 Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
OR, 025200017 https://doi.org/10.36922/OR025200017
Received: 14 May 2025 | Revised: 19 August 2025 | Accepted: 22 August 2025 | Published online: 8 September 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Bone metastasis presents a major challenge in oncology, often involving prolonged tumor dormancy within the complex bone marrow microenvironment (BMME). This dormancy, characterized by halted proliferation but sustained viability, poses risks for late recurrence and therapy resistance. Recent advancements in bone marrow-on-a-chip (BMOC) technology provide highly controllable, physiologically relevant biomimetic platforms to model the intricate cellular and molecular interactions governing BMME-regulated dormancy. This review focuses on BMOC-based approaches, examining their principles, distinct advantages, applications, and key findings in elucidating mechanisms of tumor dormancy regulation. Critically, it addresses current technical and biological limitations of BMOCs (e.g., replicating full immune component complexity) and propose concrete future directions for enhancing BMOC development and integration with complementary technologies. Enhanced understanding through refined BMOC technology could fundamentally uncover dormancy mechanisms and advance novel therapeutic strategies for metastatic control.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Bone marrow microenvironment
Organ-on-a-chip
Microfluidics
Tumor dormancy
Organoid
Funding
We are grateful for the support from the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2023A1515011544) and the National Science Foundation of China (32101097).
Conflict of interest
Zhidao Xia is an Associate Editor of this journal, but was not in any way involved in the editorial and peer-review process conducted for this paper, directly or indirectly. Separately, other authors declared that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.
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Organoid Research, Electronic ISSN: 3082-8503 Published by AccScience Publishing
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