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REVIEW ARTICLE

Advances in skin organoid technology and their applications across biomedical fields: A review

Zongyao Zheng1,2 ,  Meimei Huang3 ,  Yonglong Du1 ,  Zhanfa Zhang1 ,  Chenming Zeng4* ,  Yalong Wang1*
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1 The MOE Basic Research and Innovation Center for the Targeted Therapeutics of Solid Tumors, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
2 Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
3 Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
4 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
OR 2025, 1(4), 025320026 https://doi.org/10.36922/OR025320026
Received: 11 September 2025 | Revised: 12 November 2025 | Accepted: 19 November 2025 | Published online: 5 December 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Organoids have revolutionized biomedical research by recapitulating the structural and functional complexity of human tissues. Enabled by advances in cell biology, innovative biomaterials, and three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technologies, organoids are increasingly being utilized as reliable alternatives to traditional cell culture models and human skin explants. This review presents an overview of the methodologies and culture systems employed in the development of composite skin organoids and single-skin appendage organoids, covering a wide range of technical approaches from directed differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells to the self-organization of adult stem cells. We also highlight recent progress in organoid generation driven by advanced engineering technologies, such as 3D printing and microfluidic systems. Furthermore, this review evaluates the diverse applications of skin organoids in the fields of developmental biology, disease modeling, regenerative medicine, and clinical translation, while addressing current challenges and future perspectives. By proposing a strategic developmental roadmap, this study aims to provide a translational framework for advancing regenerative dermatology and therapeutic innovation.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Skin organoids
Skin appendage organoids
Organoid construction
Application of organoids
Disease modeling
Drug efficacy evaluation
Funding
This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32300586 to Y.L.W.), the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2021A1515111215 to Y.L.W.), and the Young Talent Support Project·of Guangzhou Association for Science and Technology (QT2024-019 to Y.L.W.).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Organoid Research, Electronic ISSN: 3082-8503 Published by AccScience Publishing
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