AccScience Publishing / IJB / Online First / DOI: 10.36922/IJB026020009
Submit to IJB
Cite this article
68
Download
694
Views
Journal Browser
Volume | Year
Issue
Search
Forthcoming Issue
Current Issue
View All
News and Announcements
View All
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Laponite-reinforced conductive GelMA–-Ionic liquid nanocomposite hydrogels for high-fidelity extrusion printing and localized neurotrophic delivery

Jiarui Zhou1,2 ,  Kamil Elkhoury1 ,  Abhay Menon1 ,  Sanjairaj Vijayavenkataraman1,2*
Show Less
1 The Vijay Lab, Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
2 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
IJB, 026020009 https://doi.org/10.36922/IJB026020009
Received: 7 January 2026 | Accepted: 12 February 2026 | Published online: 20 February 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s).. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
Download PDF
XML
Cite
Abstract

The development of advanced hydrogel systems capable of precise three dimensional (3D) printing and controlled therapeutic delivery is critical for next generation biofabrication strategies. In this study, we present a laponite-reinforced gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)/ionic liquid hydrogel engineered to simultaneously improve printability and sustained release of bioactive molecules. The incorporation of laponite nanoparticles markedly enhances rheological characteristics, including viscosity, shear-thinning behavior, and structural fidelity, facilitating high-resolution extrusion-based 3D printing. Specifically, the laponite concentration was limited to 1% w/v to preserve the soft mechanical environment (<3 kPa) essential for neural tissue while sufficiently improving rheological properties for processing. Beyond its mechanical and processing advantages, the hydrogel enables the prolonged release of retinoic acid and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, promoting the proliferation and neuronal differentiation of N2A cells. This dual-functional platform demonstrates significant potential for the fabrication of complex, cell-instructive scaffolds, offering a versatile approach for applications where structural precision and localized drug delivery are essential.

 

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Gelatin methacryloyl
Conductive hydrogel
Ionic liquid
Neural tissue
Three dimensional Printing
Extrusion
Funding
SV acknowledges the Early Career Research Grant (RB907) from the NYU Discovery Fund for Human Health for supporting this work.
Conflict of interest
Sanjairaj Vijayavenkataraman serves as the Editorial Board Member of the journal, but was not in any way involved in the editorial and peer-review process conducted for this paper, directly or indirectly. Other authors declare they have no competing interests.
References
  1. Vijayavenkataraman S, Yan W-C, Lu WF, Wang C-H, Fuh JYH. 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs for regenerative medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2018;132:296-332. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.07.004
  2. Mani MP, Sadia M, Jaganathan SK, et al. A review on 3D printing in tissue engineering applications. J Polym Eng. 2022;42(3):243-265. doi: 10.1515/polyeng-2021-0059
  3. Saini G, Segaran N, Mayer J, Saini A, Albadawi H, Oklu R. Applications of 3D Bioprinting in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. J Clin Med. 2021;10(21):4966. doi: 10.3390/jcm10214966
  4. Acierno D, Patti A. Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) of Thermoplastic-Based Filaments: Process and Rheological Properties—An Overview. Materials. 2023;16(24):7664. doi: 10.3390/ma16247664
  5. Ferretti P, Santi GM, Leon-Cardenas C, Fusari E, Cristofori M, Liverani A. Production readiness assessment of low cost, multi-material, polymeric 3D printed moulds. Heliyon. 2022;8(10):e11136. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11136
  6. Sood AK, Ohdar RK, Mahapatra SS. Experimental investigation and empirical modelling of FDM process for compressive strength improvement. J Adv Res. 2012;3(1):81-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2011.05.001
  7. Li J, Wu C, Chu PK, Gelinsky M. 3D printing of hydrogels: Rational design strategies and emerging biomedical applications. Mater Sci Eng R Rep. 2020;140:100543. doi: 10.1016/j.mser.2020.100543
  8. Herrada-Manchon H, Fernandez MA, Aguilar E. Essential Guide to Hydrogel Rheology in Extrusion 3D Printing: How to Measure It and Why It Matters? Gels. 2023;9(7):517. doi: 10.3390/gels9070517
  9. He Y, Yang F, Zhao H, Gao Q, Xia B, Fu J. Research on the printability of hydrogels in 3D bioprinting. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1)doi:10.1038/srep29977
  10. Leu Alexa R, Iovu H, Ghitman J, et al. 3D-Printed Gelatin Methacryloyl-Based Scaffolds with Potential Application in Tissue Engineering. Polymers. 2021;13(5):727. doi: 10.3390/polym13050727
  11. Aldana AA, Valente F, Dilley R, Doyle B. Development of 3D bioprinted GelMA-alginate hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties. Bioprinting. 2021;21:e00105. doi: 10.1016/j.bprint.2020.e00105
  12. Ding H, Illsley NP, Chang RC. 3D Bioprinted GelMA Based Models for the Study of Trophoblast Cell Invasion. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55052-7
  13. Grosskopf AK, Saouaf OA, Lopez Hernandez H, Appel EA. Gelation and yielding behavior of polymer–nanoparticle hydrogels. J Polym Sci. 2021;59(22):2854-2866. doi: 10.1002/pol.20210652
  14. Xu P, Shang Z, Yao M, Li X. Mechanistic insight into improving strength and stability of hydrogels via nanosilica. J Mol Liq. 2022;357:119094. doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119094
  15. Yoon J, Han H, Jang J. Nanomaterials-incorporated hydrogels for 3D bioprinting technology. Nano Converg. 2023/11/15 2023;10(1) doi: 10.1186/s40580-023-00402-5
  16. Dong L, Bu Z, Xiong Y, et al. Facile extrusion 3D printingof gelatine methacrylate/Laponite nanocomposite hydrogel with high concentration nanoclay for bone tissue regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol. 2021;188:72-81. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.199
  17. Dawson JI, Kanczler JM, Yang XB, Attard GS, Oreffo ROC. Clay Gels For the Delivery of Regenerative Microenvironments. Adv Mater. 2011/06/10 2011;23(29):3304-3308. doi: 10.1002/adma.201100968
  18. Dawson JI, Oreffo ROC. Clay: New Opportunities for Tissue Regeneration and Biomaterial Design. Adv Mater. 2013;25(30):4069-4086. doi: 10.1002/adma.201301034
  19. Cidonio G, Glinka M, Kim Y-H, et al. Nanoclay-based 3D printed scaffolds promote vascular ingrowth ex vivo and generate bone mineral tissue in vitro and in vivo. Biofabrication. 2020/05/11 2020;12(3):035010. doi: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab8753
  20. Cidonio G, Alcala-Orozco CR, Lim KS, et al. Osteogenic and angiogenic tissue formation in high fidelity nanocomposite Laponite-gelatin bioinks. Biofabrication. 2019;11(3):035027. doi: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab19fd
  21. Tan Y, Xu S, Wu R, Du J, Sang J, Wang J. A gradient Laponite crosslinked nanocomposite hydrogel with anisotropic stress and thermo-response. Appl Clay Sci. 2017;148:77-82. doi: 10.1016/j.clay.2017.08.004
  22. Sheikhi A, Afewerki S, Oklu R, Gaharwar AK, Khademhosseini A. Effect of ionic strength on shearthinning nanoclay–polymer composite hydrogels. Biomater Sci. 2018;6(8):2073-2083. doi: 10.1039/c8bm00469b
  23. Ruzicka B, Zaccarelli E. A fresh look at the Laponite phase diagram. Soft Matter. 2011;7(4):1268. doi: 10.1039/c0sm00590h
  24. Ng WL, Yeow CHE, Huang X, Lee S, Yeong WY. Physically cross-linked gelatin bio-inks with enhanced printability, degradation and mechanical robustness for multi-modal bioprinting. Interdiscip Med. 2025;3(4):e20250058. doi: 10.1002/INMD.20250058
  25. Gunduz O, Ustundag CB, Sengor M, editors. Biomaterials for Neural Tissue Engineering. Elsevier; 2023.
  26. Elkwood AI, Holland NR, Arbes SM, et al. Nerve allograft transplantation for functional restoration of the upper extremity: case series. J Spinal Cord Med. 2011;34(2):241-247. doi: 10.1179/107902611x12972448729521
  27. Singh VK, Haq A, Tiwari M, Saxena AK. Approach to management of nerve gaps in peripheral nerve injuries. Injury. 2022;53(4):1308-1318. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2022.01.031
  28. Supra R, K Agrawal D. Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: Opportunities and Challenges. J Spine Res Surg. 2023;05(01). doi: 10.26502/fjsrs0052
  29. Zhou J, Vijayavenkataraman S. 3D-printable conductive materials for tissue engineering and biomedical applications.Bioprinting. 2021;24:e00166. doi: 10.1016/j.bprint.2021.e00166
  30. Carvalho CR, Chang W, Silva‐Correia J, Reis RL, Oliveira JM, Kohn J. Engineering Silk Fibroin‐Based Nerve Conduit with Neurotrophic Factors for Proximal Protection after Peripheral Nerve Injury. Adv Healthc Mater. 2020;10(2). doi: 10.1002/adhm.202000753
  31. Nectow AR, Marra KG, Kaplan DL. Biomaterials for the Development of Peripheral Nerve Guidance Conduits. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2012;18(1):40-50. doi: 10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0240
  32. Zhao Y, Liang Y, Ding S, Zhang K, Mao HQ, Yang Y. Application of conductive PPy/SF composite scaffold and electrical stimulation for neural tissue engineering. Biomaterials. 2020;255:120164. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120164
  33. Fukaya Y, Iizuka Y, Sekikawa K, Ohno H. Bio ionic liquids: room temperature ionic liquids composed wholly of biomaterials. Green Chem. 2007;9(11):1155. doi: 10.1039/b706571j
  34. Kuchenbuch A, Giernoth R. Ionic Liquids Beyond Simple Solvents: Glimpses at the State of the Art in Organic Chemistry. ChemistryOpen. 2015;4(6):677-681. doi: 10.1002/open.201500113
  35. Lei Z, Chen B, Koo YM, MacFarlane DR. Introduction: Ionic Liquids. Chem Rev. 2017;117(10):6633-6635. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00246
  36. Kuchenbuch A, Giernoth R. Ionic Liquids Beyond Simple Solvents: Glimpses at the State of the Art in Organic Chemistry. ChemistryOpen. 2015;4(6):677-681. doi: 10.1002/open.201500113
  37. Gomes JM, Silva SS, Reis RL. Biocompatible ionic liquids: fundamental behaviours and applications. Chem Soc Rev. 2019;48(15):4317-4335. doi: 10.1039/c9cs00016j
  38. Noshadi I, Walker BW, Portillo-Lara R, et al. Engineering Biodegradable and Biocompatible Bio-ionic Liquid Conjugated Hydrogels with Tunable Conductivity and Mechanical Properties. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):4345. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04280-w
  39. Krishnadoss V, Kanjilal B, Masoumi A, et al. Programmable bio-ionic liquid functionalized hydrogels for in situ 3D bioprinting of electronics at the tissue interface. Mater Today Adv. 2023;17:100352. doi: 10.1016/j.mtadv.2023.100352
  40. Zhou J, Elkhoury K, Saghar Soman S, Vijayavenkataraman S. Biofabrication of tri-layered nerve guide conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration: Synergizing melt electrowriting of polymeric fibers and extrusion-based 3D bioprinting. Int J Bioprinting. 2025. doi: 10.36922/ijb025040032
  41. Menon A, Elkhoury K, Zahraa A, et al. Digital light processing 3D printing of dual cross-linked meniscal scaffolds with enhanced physical and biological properties. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater. 2024;8(1). doi: 10.1007/s42114-024-01196-8
  42. Saha K, Keung AJ, Irwin EF, et al. Substrate Modulus Directs Neural Stem Cell Behavior. Biophys J. 2008;95(9):4426-4438. doi: 10.1529/biophysj.108.132217
  43. Seidlits SK, Khaing ZZ, Petersen RR, et al. The effects of hyaluronic acid hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties on neural progenitor cell differentiation. Biomaterials. 2010;31(14):3930-3940. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.125
  44. Liu J, Zheng H, Poh P, Machens H-G, Schilling A. Hydrogels for Engineering of Perfusable Vascular Networks. Int J Mol Sci. 2015/07/14 2015;16(7):15997-16016. doi: 10.3390/ijms160715997
  45. Davern JW, Hipwood L, Bray LJ, Meinert C, Klein TJ. Addition of Laponite to gelatin methacryloyl bioinks improves the rheological properties and printability to create mechanically tailorable cell culture matrices. APL Bioeng. 2024/01/08 2024;8(1). doi: 10.1063/5.0166206
  46. Ma Y, Wang X, Su T, Lu F, Chang Q, Gao J. Recent Advances in Macroporous Hydrogels for Cell Behavior and Tissue Engineering. Gels. 2022/09/21 2022;8(10):606. doi: 10.3390/gels8100606
  47. Annabi N, Nichol JW, Zhong X, et al. Controlling the Porosity and Microarchitecture of Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2010;16(4):371-383. doi: 10.1089/ten.teb.2009.0639
  48. Zeltinger J, Sherwood JK, Graham DA, Mueller R, Griffith LG. Effect of Pore Size and Void Fraction on Cellular Adhesion, Proliferation, and Matrix Deposition. Tissue Eng. 2001;7(5):557-572. doi: 10.1089/107632701753213183
  49. Žigon-Branc S, Markovic M, Van Hoorick J, et al. Impact of Hydrogel Stiffness on Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Microspheroids. Tissue Eng Part A. 2019;25(19-20):1369-1380. doi: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0237
  50. Holloway JL, Ma H, Rai R, Burdick JA. Modulating hydrogel cross-link density and degradation to control bone morphogenetic protein delivery and in vivo bone formation. J. Control Release. 2014;191:63-70. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.053
  51. Rambhia KJ, Ma PX. Controlled drug release for tissue engineering. J Control Release. 2015;219:119-128. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.049
  52. Li YM, Ji Y, Meng YX, et al. Neural Tissue-Like, not Supraphysiological, Electrical Conductivity Stimulates Neuronal Lineage Specification through Calcium Signaling and Epigenetic Modification. Adv Sci. 2024;11(35):e2400586. doi: 10.1002/advs.202400586
  53. Chakraborty J, Majumder N, Sharma A, Prasad S, Ghosh S. 3D bioprinted silk-reinforced Alginate-Gellan Gum constructs for cartilage regeneration. Bioprinting. 2022;28:e00232. doi: 10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00232
  54. Munoz-Perez E, Perez-Valle A, Igartua M, Santos-Vizcaino E, Hernandez RM. High resolution and fidelity 3D printing of Laponite and alginate ink hydrogels for tunable biomedical applications. Biomater Adv. 2023;149:213414. doi: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213414
  55. Ghadiri M, Chrzanowski W, Rohanizadeh R. Antibiotic eluting clay mineral (LaponiteR) for wound healing application: an in vitro study. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2014;25(11):2513-2526. doi: 10.1007/s10856-014-5272-7
  56. Kiaee G, Mostafalu P, Samandari M, Sonkusale S. A Ph Mediated Electronic Wound Dressing for Controlled Drug Delivery. Adv Healthc Mater. 2018;7(18). doi: 10.1002/adhm.201800396
  57. Wang C, Gong Z, Huang X, et al. An injectable heparin-Laponite hydrogel bridge FGF4 for spinal cord injury by stabilizing microtubule and improving mitochondrial function. Theranostics. 2019;9(23):7016-7032. doi: 10.7150/thno.37601
  58. Wang G, Maciel D, Wu Y, et al. Amphiphilic Polymer- Mediated Formation of Laponite-Based Nanohybrids with Robust Stability and pH Sensitivity for Anticancer Drug Delivery. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2014;6(19):16687-16695. doi: 10.1021/am5032874
  59. Zhang M, Bai Y, Xu C, et al. Novel optimized drug delivery systems for enhancing spinal cord injury repair in rats. Drug Deliv. 2021;28(1):2548-2561. doi: 10.1080/10717544.2021.2009937
  60. Zhou B, Wu B, Wang J, et al. Drug-mediation formation of nanohybrids for sequential therapeutic delivery in cancer cells. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces. 2018;163:284-290. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.12.046
  61. Cai Y, Chen Y, Zhang G, et al. The GDNF-gel/HA-Mg conduit promotes the repair of peripheral nerve defects by regulating PPAR-γ/RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. iScience. 2024;27(2):108969. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108969
  62. Qiu S, Rao Z, He F, et al. Decellularized nerve matrix hydrogel and glial‐derived neurotrophic factor modifications assisted nerve repair with decellularized nerve matrix scaffolds. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2020;14(7):931-943. doi: 10.1002/term.3050
  63. Hosseinzadeh B, Ahmadi M. Degradable hydrogels: Design mechanisms and versatile applications. Mater Today Sustain. 2023;23:100468. doi: 10.1016/j.mtsust.2023.100468
  64. Patel G, Dalwadi C. Recent Patents on Stimuli Responsive Hydrogel Drug Delivery System. Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul. 2013;7(3):206-215. doi: 10.2174/1872211307666131118141600
  65. Xing MMQ, Zhuang H, Bu S, Hua L, Darabi MA, Cao X. Gelatin-methacrylamide gel loaded with microspheres to deliver GDNF in bilayer collagen conduit promoting sciatic nerve growth. Int J Nanomed. 2016:1383. doi: 10.2147/ijn.s96324
  66. Fadia NB, Bliley JM, DiBernardo GA, et al. Long-gap peripheral nerve repair through sustained release of a neurotrophic factor in nonhuman primates. Sci Transl Med. 2020;12(527)eaav7753. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav7753
  67. Ansary RH, Awang MB, Rahman MM. Biodegradable Poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-Based Micro/Nanoparticles for Sustained Release of Protein Drugs – A Review. Trop J Pharm Res. 2014;13(7):1179. doi: 10.4314/tjpr.v13i7.24
  68. Blanco D, Alonso MaJ. Protein encapsulation and release from poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres: effect of the protein and polymer properties and of the co-encapsulation of surfactants. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 1998;45(3):285-294. doi: 10.1016/s0939-6411(98)00011-3
  69. Estey T, Kang J, Schwendeman SP, Carpenter JF. BSA Degradation Under Acidic Conditions: A Model For Protein Instability During Release From PLGA Delivery Systems. J Pharm Sci. 2006;95(7):1626-1639. doi: 10.1002/jps.20625
  70. Gavali KV, Kengar MD, Chavan KV, Anekar VP, Khan NI. A Review on Microsphere and it’s Application. Asian J Pharm Res. 2019;9(2):123. doi: 10.5958/2231-5691.2019.00020.0
  71. Kang J, Schwendeman SP. Comparison of the effects of Mg(OH)2 and sucrose on the stability of bovine serum albumin encapsulated in injectable poly(d,l-lactide-coglycolide) implants. Biomaterials. 2002;23(1):239-245. doi: 10.1016/s0142-9612(01)00101-6
  72. Lin L-FH, Doherty DH, Lile JD, Bektesh S, Collins F. GDNF: a Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor for Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons. Science. 1993;260(5111):1130- 1132. doi: 10.1126/science.8493557
  73. Zhang L, Ma Z, Smith GM, et al. GDNF‐enhanced axonal regeneration and myelination following spinal cord injury is mediated by primary effects on neurons. Glia. 2009;57(11):1178-1191. doi: 10.1002/glia.20840
  74. Xu P, Rosen KM, Hedstrom K, et al. Nerve injury induces glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (gdnf) expression in schwann cells through purinergic signaling and the pkcpkd pathway. Glia. 2013;61(7):1029-1040. doi: 10.1002/glia.22491
  75. Hoke A, Gordon T, Zochodne DW, Sulaiman OAR. A decline in glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor expression is associated with impaired regeneration after long-term Schwann cell denervation. Article. Exp Neurol. 2002;173(1):77-85. doi: 10.1006/exnr.2001.7826
  76. Airaksinen MS, Saarma M. The GDNF family: Signalling, biological functions and therapeutic value. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002;3(5):383-394. doi: 10.1038/nrn812
  77. Yue P, Gao L, Wang X, Ding X, Teng J. Intranasal Administration of GDNF Protects Against Neural Apoptosis in a Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease Through PI3K/Akt/GSK3β Pathway. Neurochem Res. 2017;42(5):1366-1374. doi: 10.1007/s11064-017-2184-1
  78. Kumar M, Katyal A. Data on retinoic acid and reduced serum concentration induced differentiation of Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells. Data Brief. 2018;21:2435-2440. doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.11.097
  79. Namsi A, Nury T, Hamdouni H, et al. Induction of Neuronal Differentiation of Murine N2a Cells by Two Polyphenols Present in the Mediterranean Diet Mimicking Neurotrophins Activities: Resveratrol and Apigenin. Diseases. 2018;6(3):67. doi: 10.3390/diseases6030067
  80. Shimizu S, Kondo M, Miyamoto Y, Hayashi M. Foxa(HNF3) Upregulates Vitronectin Expression during Retinoic Acid induced Differentiation in Mouse Neuroblastoma Neuro2a Cells. Cell Struct Funct. 2002;27(4):181-188. doi: 10.1247/csf.27.181
  81. Du Y-J, Dong S-Z, You Q, Gong Q, Han Y-Q, Pi R. Role of miR-124 in the regulation of retinoic acid-induced Neuro-2A cell differentiation. Neural Regen Res. 2020;15(6):1133. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.270417
  82. Runeberg-Roos P, Penn RD. Improving therapeutic potential of GDNF family ligands. Cell Tissue Res. 2020;382(1):173-183. doi: 10.1007/s00441-020-03256-z
  83. Esteves M, Cristovao AC, Saraiva T, et al. Retinoic acid loaded polymeric nanoparticles induce neuroprotection in a mouse model for Parkinson’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2015;7.doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00020
  84. Ye T, Pollack GH. Do aqueous solutions contain net charge? PLOS ONE. 2022/10/27 2022;17(10):e0275953. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275953
  85. Rodrigo MJ, Cardiel MJ, Fraile JM, Mayoral JA, Pablo LE, Garcia-Martin E. Laponite for biomedical applications: An ophthalmological perspective. Materials Today Bio. 2024;24:100935. doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100935
  86. Hu H, Dong L, Bu Z, et al. miR‐23a‐3p‐abundant small extracellular vesicles released from Gelma/nanoclay hydrogel for cartilage regeneration. J Extracell Vesicles. 2020;9(1). doi: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1778883
  87. Man K, Barroso IA, Brunet MY, et al. Controlled Release of Epigenetically-Enhanced Extracellular Vesicles from a GelMA/Nanoclay Composite Hydrogel to Promote Bone Repair. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(2):832. doi: 10.3390/ijms23020832
  88. Korzynska A, Zychowicz M. A Method of Estimation of the Cell Doubling Time on Basis of the Cell Culture Monitoring Data. Biocybern Biomed Engineering. 2008;28:75-82.
  89. Martin D, Ruano D, Yufera A, Daza P. Electrical pulse stimulation parameters modulate N2a neuronal differentiation. Cell Death Discov. 2024;10(1). doi: 10.1038/s41420-024-01820-y
  90. Rago AP, Napolitano AP, Dean DM, Chai PR, Morgan JR. Miniaturization of an Anoikis assay using non-adhesive micromolded hydrogels. Cytotechnology. 2007;56(2):81-90. doi: 10.1007/s10616-007-9116-x
  91. Yue K, Trujillo-de Santiago G, Alvarez MM, Tamayol A, Annabi N, Khademhosseini A. Synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels. Biomaterials. 2015;73:254-271. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.08.045
  92. An J, Chen B, Tian D, Guo Y, Yan Y, Yang H. Regulation of Neurogenesis and Neuronal Differentiation by Natural Compounds. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2022;17(8):756-771. doi: 10.2174/1574888X16666210907141447
  93. Ruijtenberg S, van den Heuvel S. Coordinating cell proliferation and differentiation: Antagonism between cell cycle regulators and cell type-specific gene expression. Cell Cycle. 2016;15(2):196-212. doi: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1120925
  94. Nasser TIN, Spencer GE. Neurite Outgrowth. In: Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier; 2017.
  95. Meldolesi J. Neurite outgrowth: This process, first discovered by Santiago Ramon y Cajal, is sustained by the exocytosis of two distinct types of vesicles. Brain Res Rev. 2011;66(1-2):246-255. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.06.004
  96. Paganoni S, Ferreira A. Neurite extension in central neurons: a novel role for the receptor tyrosine kinases Ror1 and Ror2. J Cell Sci. 2005;118(2):433-446. doi: 10.1242/jcs.01622
  97. Valtorta F, Leoni C. Molecular mechanisms of neurite extension. Philos Trans R. Soc Lond Ser B Biol. Sci. 1999;354(1381):387-394. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1999.0391



Share
Back to top
International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.
Read more about our cookies here
Accept