AccScience Publishing / IJB / Volume 9 / Issue 6 / DOI: 10.36922/ijb.0135
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REVIEW

3D bioprinting and scaffold-free strategies for fabrication of multi-cellular tissues or organoids

Haoyu Li1 ,  Huixing Zhou1* ,  Chongwen Xu1 ,  Yen Wei2* ,  Xiuying Tang3*
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1 School of Mechanical-Electronic and Vehicle Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
2 The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry and the Tsinghua Center for Frontier Polymer Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
3 College of Engineering Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
IJB 2023, 9(6), 0135 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.0135
Submitted: 14 April 2023 | Accepted: 3 June 2023 | Published: 25 July 2023
© 2023 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

The biofabrication of multi-cellular tissues or organoids (MTOs) has been challenging in regenerative medicine for decades. Currently, two primary technological approaches are being explored: scaffold-based strategies utilizing three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting techniques and scaffold-free strategies employing bioassembly techniques. 3D bioprinting techniques include jetting-based, extrusion-based, and vat photopolymerization-based methods, and bioassembly techniques include Kenzan, fluid-based manipulation and microfluid, bioprinting-assisted tissue emergence, and aspiration-assisted technology methods. Scaffold-based strategies primarily concentrate on the construction of scaffold structures to provide an extracellular environment, while scaffold-free strategies primarily emphasize the assembly methods of building blocks. Different biofabrication technologies have their advantages and limitations. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms, advantages, and limitations of scaffold-based and scaffold-free strategies in tissue engineering. It also compares the strengths and weaknesses of these two strategies, along with their respective suitability under different conditions. Moreover, the significant challenges in the future development of convergence strategies, specifically the integration of scaffold-based and scaffold-free approaches, are examined in an objective manner. This review concludes that integrating scaffold-based and scaffold-free strategies could overcome the problems in the biofabrication of MTOs. A novel fabrication method, the BioMicroMesh method, is proposed based on the convergence strategy. Concurrently, the development of a desktop-scale integrated intelligent biofabrication device, the BioMicroMesh system, is underway. This system is tailored to the BioMicroMesh method and incorporates cell aggregate spheroids preparation, 3D bioprinting, bioassembly, and multi-organoid co-culture functions, providing an objective perspective on its capabilities.

Keywords
Multi-cellular tissues or organoids (MTOs)
Biofabrication strategies
Scaffold-based and scaffold-free strategies
3D bioprinting
Bioassembly
BioMicroMesh
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Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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