Designs and applications of electrohydrodynamic 3D printing
This paper mainly reviews the designs of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) inkjet printing machine and related applications. The review introduces the features of EHD printing and its possible research directions. Significant progress has been identified in research and development of EHD high-resolution printing as a direct additive manufacturing method, and more effort will be driven to this direction soon. An introduction is given about current trend of additive manufacturing and advantages of EHD inkjet printing. Designs of EHD printing platform and applications of different technologies are discussed. Currently, EHD jet printing is in its infancy stage with several inherent problems to be overcome, such as low yielding rate and limitation of stand-off height. Some potential modifications are proposed to improve printing performance. EHD highresolution printing has already been applied to precision components for electronics and biotechnology applications. This paper gives a review about the latest research regarding EHD used for high-resolution inkjet printing. A starting base is given to help researchers and students to get a quick overview on the recent development of EHD printing technology
1. Ramos A, Chen C H, 2011, Electrohydrodynamic stability. In: Electrokinetics and Electrohydrodynamics in Microsystems. Springer, Verlag Wien, 177-220. http://doi.org/10.1039/ b906909g.
2. Raje P V, Murmu N C, 2014, A review on electrohydrodynamic - Inkjet printing technology. Int J Emerg Technol Adv Eng, 4(5): 174-183.
3. Park S E, Kim S, Lee D, et al., 2013, Fabrication of silver nanowire transparent electrodes using electrohydrodynamic spray deposition for flexible organic solar cells. J Mater Chem A, 1(45): 14286–14293. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta13204h.
4. Yogi O, Kawakami T, Yamauchi M, et al., 2001, On–demand droplet spotter for preparing pico-to femtoliter droplets on surfaces. Anal Chem, 73: 1896–1902. https://doi.org/10.1021/ ac0012039.
5. Chen C H, Saville D A, Aksay I A, 2006, Scaling laws for pulsed electrohydrodynamic drop formation. Appl Phys Lett, 89(12): 1241031–1241033. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2356891.
6. Poon H F, 2002, Electrohydrodynamic Printing. PhD Thesis.
7. Khan A, Rahman K, Kim D, et al., 2012, Direct printing of copper conductive micro–tracks by multi–nozzle electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing process. J Mater Process Technol, 212(3): 700–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jmatprotec.2011.10.024.
8. Park J, Hwang J, 2014, Fabrication of a flexible Ag–grid transparent electrode using ac based electrohydrodynamic jet printing. J Phys D: Appl Phys, 47(40): 4051021–4051027. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/47/40/405102.
9. Park J U, Hardy M, Kang S J, et al., 2007, High–resolution electrohydrodynamic jet printing. Nat Mater, 6(10): 782–789. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1974.
10. Barton K, Mishra S, Shorter K A, et al., 2010, A desktop electrohydrodynamic jet printing system. Mechatronics, 20(5): 611–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechatronics.2010.05.004.
11. Sutanto E, Shigeta K, Kim Y K, et al., 2012, A multimaterial electrohydrodynamic jet (E–jet) printing system. J Micromech Microeng, 22(4): 4500801–4500811. https://doi. org/10.1088/0960-1317/22/4/045008.
12. Choi K H, Khan A, Rahman K, et al., 2011a, Effects of nozzles array configuration on cross-talk in multi-nozzle electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing head. J Electrostat, 69(4): 380–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2011.04.017.
13. Tran S B, Byan D, Nguyen V D, et al., 2010, Polymer–based electrospray device with multiple nozzles to minimize end effect phenomenon. J Electrostat, 68(2): 138–144. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2009.11.011.
14. Lee J S, Kim S, Kim Y, et al., 2008, Design and evaluation of a silicon based multi–nozzle for addressable jetting using a controlled flow rate in electrohydrodynamic jet printing. Appl Phys Lett, 93(24): 2431141–2431143. https://doi. org/10.1063/1.3049609.
15. Tran S B, Byun D, Lee S, 2007, Experimental and theoretical study of a cone–jet for an electrospray microthruster considering the interference effect in an array of nozzles. J Aerosol Sci, 38(9): 924–934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jaerosci.2007.07.003.
16. Khan A, Rahman K, Hyun M, et al., 2011, Multi–nozzle electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing of silver colloidal solution for the fabrication of electrically functional microstructures. Appl Phys A, 104(4): 1113–1120. https://doi. org/10.1007/s00339-011-6386-0.
17. Park H, Kim K, Kim S, 2004, Effects of a guard plate on the characteristics of an electrospray in the cone–jet mode. J Aerosol Sci, 35(11): 1295–1312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jaerosci.2004.05.012.
18. Zhang X, Isao K, Kunihiko U, et al., 2013, Direct observation and characterization of the generation of organic solvent droplets with and without triglyceride oil by electrospraying. Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Asp, 436: 937–943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.07.032.
19. Kim H, Song J, Chung J, et al., 2010, Onset condition of pulsating cone–jet mode of electrohydrodynamic jetting for plane, hole, and pin type electrodes. J Appl Phys, 108(10): 10280401–10280410. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3511685.
20. Lee S, Kichul A, Sanguk S, et al., 2013, Satellite/spray suppression in electrohydrodynamic printing with a gated head. Appl Phys Lett, 103(13): 1335061–1335064. https:// doi.org/10.1063/1.4822264.
21 . Tse L, Barton K, 2014, A field shaping printhead for high– resolution electrohydrodynamic jet printing onto non– conductive and uneven surfaces. Appl Phys Lett, 104(14): 1435101–1435104. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4871103.
22. Barton K, Mishra S, Alleyne A, et al., 2011, Control of high–resolution electrohydrodynamic jet printing. Contr Eng Pract, 19: 1266–1273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. conengprac.2011.05.009.
23. Jaworek A, Sobczyk A, 2008, Electrospraying route to nanotechnology: An overview. J Electrostat, 66(3–4): 197– 219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2007.10.001.
24. Onses M S, Sutanto E, Ferreira P M, et al., 2015, Mechanisms, capabilities, and applications of high– resolution electrohydrodynamic jet printing. Small J, 11(34): 4237–4266. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201500593; https:// doi.org/10.1002/smll.201570209.
25. Wang K, Paine M D, Stark J P W, 2009a, Freeform fabrication of metallic patterns by unforced electrohydrodynamic jet printing of organic silver ink. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron, 20(11): 1154–1157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-008- 9843-6.
26. Wang K, Paine M D, Stark J P W, 2009b, Fully voltage– controlled electrohydrodynamic jet printing of conductive silver tracks with a sub–100μm linewidth. J Appl Phys, 106(2): 249071–249074. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3176952.
27. Choi K H, Khalid R R, Muhammad N M, et al., 2011, Electrohydrodynamic inkjet-micro pattern fabrication for printed electronics application. In: Recent Advances in Nanofabrication Techniques and Applications. London, UK: InTech. p. 547-568
28. Prasetyo F D, Yudistira H T, Nguyen V D, et al., 2013, Ag dot morphologies printed using electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing based on a drop–on–demand (DOD) operation. J Micromech Microeng, 23(9): 9502801–9502810. https:// doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/23/9/095028.
29. Youn D H, Kim S, Yang Y, et al., 2009, Electrohydrodynamic micropatterning of silver ink using near–field electrohydrodynamic jet printing with tilted–outlet nozzle. Appl Phys A, 96(4): 933–938. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00339-009-5262-7.
30. Wang X, Xu L, Zheng G F, et al., 2012, Pulsed electrohydrodynamic printing of conductive silver patterns on demand. Sci China Technol Sci, 55(6): 1603–1607. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s11431-012-4843-4.
31. Rahman K, Ali K, Muhammad N M, et al., 2012a, Fine resolution drop–on–demand electrohydrodynamic patterning of conductive silver tracks on glass substrate. Appl Phys A, 111(2): 593–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-012-7267-x.
32. Kang J, Jang Y, Kim Y, et al., 2015, An Ag–grid/graphene hybrid structure for large–scale, transparent, flexible heaters. Nanoscale, 7(15): 6567–6573. https://doi.org/10.1039/ C4NR06984F.
33. Rahman K, Khan A, Muhammad N M, et al., 2012b, Fine– resolution patterning of copper nanoparticles through electrohydrodynamic jet printing. J Micromech Microeng, 22(6): 650121–650128. https://doi.org/10.1088/0960- 1317/22/6/065012.
34. Han Y, Dong J, 2017, High–resolution direct printing of molten–metal using electrohydrodynamic jet plotting. Manuf Lett, 12: 6–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2017.04.001.
35. Roth E A, Xu T, Das M, et al., 2004, Inkjet printing for high– throughput cell patterning. Biomaterials, 25(17): 3707–3715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.10.052.
36. Jayasinghe S N, Qureshi A N, Eagles P A, 2006, Electrohydrodynamic jet processing: An advanced electric–field–driven jetting phenomenon for processing living cells. Small, 2(2): 216–219. https://doi.org/10.1002/ smll.200500291.
37. Kwok A, Arumuganathar S, Irvine S A, et al., 2008, A hybrid bio–jetting approach for directly engineering living cells. Biomed Mater (Bristol), 3(2): 250081–250088. https://doi. org/10.1088/1748-6041/3/2/025008.
38. Park J U, Lee J H, Paik U, et al., 2008, Nanoscale patterns of oligonucleotides formed by electrohydrodynamic jet printing with application in biosensing and nanomaterials assembly. Am Chem Soc, 8: 4210–4216. https://doi. org/10.1021/nl801832v.
39. Shigeta K, He Y, Sutanto E, et al., 2012, Functional protein microarrays by electrohydrodynamic jet printing. Anal Chem, 84(22): 10012–10018. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac302463p.
40. Wang K, Stark J P W, 2010, Direct fabrication of electrically functional microstructures by fully voltage–controlled electrohydrodynamic jet printing of silver nano–ink. Appl Phys A, 99(4): 763–766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-010- 5701-5.
41. Seong B, Yoo H, Nguyen V D, et al., 2014, Metal–mesh based transparent electrode on a 3–D curved surface by electrohydrodynamic jet printing. J Micromech Microeng, 24(9): 970021–970025. https://doi.org/10.1088/0960- 1317/24/9/097002.
42. Sullivan A C, Jayasinghe S N, 2007, Development of a direct three–dimensional biomicrofabrication concept based on electrospraying a custom made siloxane sol. Biomicrofluidics, 1(3): 3410301–3410310. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2766761.
43. Ahmad Z, Rasekh M, Edirisinghe M, 2010, Electrohydrodynamic direct writing of biomedical polymers and composites. Macromol Mater Eng, 295(4): 315–319. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.200900396.
44. Wei C, Dong J, 2013, Direct fabrication of high– resolution three–dimensional polymeric scaffolds using electrohydrodynamic hot jet plotting. J Micromech Microeng, 23(2): 2501701–2501709. https://doi. org/10.1088/0960-1317/23/2/025017.
45. Wei C, Dong J, 2014, Development and modeling of melt electrohydrodynamic–jet printing of phase–change inks for high–resolution additive manufacturing. J Manuf Sci Eng, 136: 7. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4028483.
46. Cai Y, Li J, Poh C K, et al., 2013, Collagen grafted 3D polycaprolactone scaffolds for enhanced cartilage regeneration. J Mater Chem B, 1(43): 5971–5976. https://doi. org/10.1039/c3tb20680g.
47. Ahn S H, Lee H J, Kim G H, 2011, Polycaprolactone scaffolds fabricated with an advanced electrohydrodynamic direct–printing method for bone tissue regeneration. Biomacromolecules, 12(12): 4256–4263. https://doi. org/10.1021/bm201126j.