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REVIEW ARTICLE

Oxidative stress and renal biology: Unraveling the bidirectional link with aging and chronic kidney disease

Salar Akhoundiasl1 ,  Farshid Afandideh2 ,  Fariba Mahmoodpoor3 ,  Elham Badihi2 ,  Elham Ahmadian4* ,  Mohammadreza Ardalan5 ,  Rovshan Khalilov6* ,  Kamala Eyvazova7 ,  Samira Yagubova7
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1 Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran
2 Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran
3 Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran
4 Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran
5 Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran
6 Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
7 Department of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
EJMO, 025450475 https://doi.org/10.36922/EJMO025450475
Received: 8 November 2025 | Revised: 4 December 2025 | Accepted: 10 December 2025 | Published online: 8 April 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Excessive levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species cause cellular injury, termed oxidative stress. This occurs due to an imbalance between the prooxidant and antioxidant capabilities of the cell. Mounting evidence suggests a strong connection between aging, oxidative stress, and age-mediated diseases, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). The global prevalence of CKD has shown an increasing trend, especially among the elderly. Under physiological conditions, homeostatic mechanisms limit oxidative stress and repair oxidant-induced damage. However, in CKD, oxidative stress is not mitigated but worsened due to the disruption of homeostasis, particularly with aging. CKD also accelerates aging through several mechanisms, including oxidative stress. In turn, oxidative stress can contribute to CKD as the principal cellular factor. Besides, CKD and its comorbid conditions can result in inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and necrosis, which stimulate premature senescence in multiple body organs. Unraveling the potential mechanisms of CKD and the role of oxidative stress in CKD pathology in aging patients necessitates an inclusive discussion of current research. In this review, we summarize previous studies and discuss the role of oxidative stress and its implications in the pathogenesis of CKD during both premature and normal aging.

Keywords
Chronic kidney disease
Aging
Inflammation
Vascular diseases
Oxidative stress
Reactive oxygen species
Funding
This study was funded by the Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran (Grant number: 73083).
Conflict of interest
Rovshan Khalilov is an Editorial Board Member of this journal, but was not in any way involved in the editorial and peer-review process conducted for this paper, directly or indirectly. Separately, other authors declared that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.
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Eurasian Journal of Medicine and Oncology, Electronic ISSN: 2587-196X Print ISSN: 2587-2400, Published by AccScience Publishing
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